The concepts of spontaneous symmetry breaking(SSB) and phase transition in condensed matter are introduced to field description of universe. Due to the inflation of universe, its preferred vacuum state breaks the gauge symmetry of Lagrangian for the particle and gauge fields and imposes mass on the corresponding gauge bosons, which provides us a promising frame to unify the electromagnetic forc...

In this paper we develop a formalism to describe a superfluid in a gravitational background. This formalism is based on a covariant generalization of the field description for a superconductor in terms of a U(1) spontaneous symmetry breaking. We study the stability of the solutions for a vortexless fluid and the force acting on vortices in the fluid, which is a generalization of the wellknown f...

The effect of brake pad wear on the electromechanical disc system response using MATLAB/Simulink software was investigated in this paper. analysis involves building thermal model and model, calculating required braking force at a constant variable coefficient friction between disc. A comparison responses without during carried out. results show that has major role force, cumulated breaking. sta...

tuned liquid dampers (tld) are among passive control devices that have been used to suppress the vibration of structures in recent years. these structures must be adequately presentable as an equivalent single degree of freedom system with long fundamental period. the tld, located at the top floors of the structure, can dissipate the external input energy into the system through the sloshing ef...

We report on the observation of second order infrared plasmon resonances in lithographically prepared gold nanorods investigated by means of far-field microscopic infrared spectroscopy. In addition to the fundamental antenna-like mode, even and odd higher order resonances are observed under normal incidence of light. The activation of even-order modes under normal incidence is surprising since ...

As the main cutting tool of Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) for rock-breaking, rock-breaking efficiency TBM disc cutters directly affects TBM’s boring speed, which in turn overall progress tunnelling project. Therefore, a simple and accurate evaluation method is an essential prerequisite to improve performance TBM. In this paper, classical force prediction equations were summarized applicability ea...

Motivated by recent experiments on ${\mathrm{AV}}_{3}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{5}$ (A = K, Rb, Cs), the chiral flux phase has been proposed to explain time-reversal symmetry breaking. To fully understand physics behind phase, we construct a low-energy effective theory based van Hove points around Fermi surface. The possible symmetry-breaking states and their classifications of are completely studied, espe...

this study was conducted to investigate the hair production and fleece characteristics of hair goats in fars province. the material of the study included a total data of 84 hair goats, which were between kids and adult in male and female goats, respectively. the overall average for fleece weight, fiber length, staple lengths, washing yield, hair fiber diameter, of fiber diameter, breaking force...