Nowadays, many bank cards are smart cards (i.e. integrated-circuit cards) based on the EMV specifications for payment systems. This paper specifies how biometric on-card verification can be integrated into EMV debit and credit cards in a backwards-compatible way. The biometric verification does not change the EMV transaction flow outside the cardholder-verification step. The proposed payment sy...

This paper proposes an improved wavelet with approximating function which is symmetric in nature is proposed for compression technique. Multi-application smart cards are fast replacing the conventional cards such as driving license, health insurance card, identity card, credit card with a single card. Thus, the amount of data stored in the smart card is high, requiring methods to compress the d...

In the current growth of information technology (IT), without realizing, smart cards have been brought as an ideal device for any transaction such as transportation, healthcare, ecommerce, telecommunication, banking and many other applications. Smart card improved the quality of services in terms of security and customization for users. Recognition of aspects which affect on smart card usage is...

Melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5 (MDA5) detects viral double-stranded RNA in the cytoplasm. RNA binding induces MDA5 to activate the signalling adaptor MAVS through interactions between the caspase recruitment domains (CARDs) of the two proteins. The molecular mechanism of MDA5 signalling is not well understood. Here, we show that MDA5 cooperatively binds short RNA ligands as a dimer ...