Aiming at region connection calculus (RCC) can only roughly represent spatial topological relations, and have difficulty in representing the distance, direction and so on. Therefore, based on RCC theory, Region Extension and Shrinking Calculus are proposed, and then a formalized metrization method using region as a basic unit is introduced. Based on RESC theory, taking the advantage such as app...

Qualitative constraint calculi are representation formalisms that allow for efficient reasoning about spatial and temporal information. Many of the calculi discussed in the field of Qualitative Spatial and Temporal Reasoning can be defined as combinations of other, simpler and more compact formalisms. On the other hand, existing calculi can be combined to a new formalism in which one can repres...

 liquefied natural gas (LNG) is the most economical way of transporting natural gas (NG) over long distances. Liquefaction of NG by using vapor compression refrigeration system requires high operating and capital cost. Due to lack of systematic design methods for multistage refrigeration cycles, the conventional approaches of determining optimal cycle configuration are mostly based on trial-an...