We study existence, uniqueness, and a priori estimates for solutions for backward parabolic Ito equations in domains with boundary. The proofs are based duality between forward and backward equations. This duality is used also to establish that backward parabolic equations have some causality (more precisely, some anti-causality). AMS 1991 subject classification: Primary 60J55, 60J60, 60H10. Se...

The growth of the private equity industry has spurred concerns about its impact on the economy. This analysis looks across nations and industries to assess the impact of private equity on industry performance. We find that industries where private equity funds invest grow more quickly in terms of total production and employment, and appear less exposed to aggregate shocks. We perform a number o...

Causation is a psychological tool of humans to understand the world and it is projected in natural language. Causation relates two events, so in order to understand the causal relation of those events and the causal reasoning of humans, the study of causality classification is required. We claim that the use of linguistic features may restrict the representation of causality, and dense vector s...

JEL CLASSIFICATION C26, C99, D03, I18. PSYCINFO CLASSIFICATION 2360; 3920.

Context. Among optical stellar interferometers, the CHARA Array located at Mt Wilson in California offers the potential of very long baselines (up to 330 m) and the prospect of coupling multiple beam combiners. This paper presents the principle and the measured performance of VEGA, Visible spEctroGraph and polArimeter installed in September 2007 at the coherent focus of the array. Aims. With 0....

JEL classification: C65, D63, D71, D81 Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 91B16

Economics was conceived as early as the classical period as a science of causes. The philosopher–economists David Hume and J. S. Mill developed the conceptions of causality that remain implicit in economics today. This article traces the history of causality in economics and econometrics, showing that different approaches can be classified on two dimensions: process versus structural approaches...

We construct a database linking European royal kinship networks, monarchies, and wars to study the effect of family ties on conflict. To establish causality, we exploit decreases in connection caused by apolitical deaths rulers’ mutual relatives. These are associated with substantial increases frequency duration war. provide evidence that these affect conflict only through changing network. Ove...

This paper estimates the causal relationships between energy consumption and income for India, Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand, using cointegration and error-correction modelling techniques. The results indicate that, in the short-run, unidirectional Granger causality runs from energy to income for India and Indonesia, while bidirectional Granger causality runs from energy to income for...