BACKGROUND/AIMS The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is used in clinical practice for the screening of cognitive disorders. This systematic review aims to present and discuss the CDT scoring methods available in the literature, in order to find differences in administration and utility of the CDT. METHODS A literature search was carried out in Medline (1966 to June 2008), Psychinfo (1967 to June 2008...

We understand the world by making saccadic eye movements to various objects. However, it is unclear how a saccade can be aimed at a particular object, because two kinds of visual information, what the object is and where it is, are processed separately in the dorsal and ventral visual cortical pathways. Here, we provide evidence suggesting that a basal ganglia circuit through the tail of the mo...

A collection of 20 Escherichia coli strains that produce cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) were analyzed for their virulence-associated genes. All of these strains were serotyped, and multiplex PCR analysis was used to ascertain the presence of genes encoding other virulence factors, including Shiga toxin, intimin, enterohemolysin, cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (CNF1) and CNF2, heat-stabl...

Here we report the draft genome sequence of an Escherichia coli O157:H43 strain, designated T22, with an atypical virulence gene profile and isolated from healthy cattle. T22 produces cytolethal distending toxin V (CDT-V) and belongs to phylogenetic group B1 and sequence type 155 (ST155).

Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) 1 is a biomarker of growing importance in the assessment of alcohol abuse after conviction for drunk driving. CDT is a more specific indicator for alcohol than traditional liver function tests and is used for identification and follow-up of chronic high alcohol consumption (1). Various methods have been introduced for assaying CDT in serum, including iso...

This review summarizes the current status and recent advances in our understanding of the role that the cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) plays as a virulence factor in promoting disease by toxin-producing pathogens. A major focus of this review is on the relationship between structure and function of the individual subunits that comprise the AB2 Cdt holotoxin. In particular, we concentrate on ...

The effects of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom (Cdt) were analyzed with respect to the susceptibility and the inflammatory mediators in an experimental model of severe envenomation. BALB/c female mice injected intraperitoneally presented sensibility to Cdt, with changes in specific signs, blood biochemical and inflammatory mediators. The venom induced reduction of glucose and urea levels and...

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans has been shown to produce a soluble cytotoxic factor(s) distinct from leukotoxin. We have identified in A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 a cluster of genes encoding a cytolethal distending toxin (CDT). This new member of the CDT family is similar to the CDT produced by Haemophilus ducreyi. The CDT from A. actinomycetemcomitans was produced in Escherichia coli and...

BACKGROUND Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is a well-recognized highly specific marker of chronic alcohol abuse. The association of CDT with alcohol-related traffic accidents was evaluated to objectively validate the use of this marker for certifying the physical fitness for driving license regranting after its confiscation for drunk driving. METHODS The study was carried out on 468 ...

BACKGROUND/AIM This study aimed to identify the functional neuroanatomical correlates of impaired clock drawing test (CDT) performance in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHOD The CDT was administered to 71 patients with AD, and regional cerebral glucose metabolism (rCMglc) was measured by positron emission tomography (PET). Correlations between CDT scores and rCMglc were examined on...