Immunity is the state of protection against foreign pathogens or substances(antigens). Host defence mechanisms consist innate immunity (natural immunity), which mediates initial infections, and adaptive (specific/acquired develops more slowly provides specialized effective infections. The immune system evolved to protect multicellular organisms pathogens. body protected by a variety effector ce...

Currently, disgust is regarded as the main adaptation for defence against pathogens and parasites in humans. Disgust’s motivational and behavioural features, including withdrawal, nausea, appetite suppression, and the urge to vomit, defend effectively against ingesting or touching sources of pathogens. However, ectoparasites do not attack their hosts via ingestion, but rather actively attach th...

This study addresses energy security from the perspective of comprehensive national defence, especially interaction between military and civilian aspects defence. Civilian infrastructure is seldom configured or developed with defence in focus. Therefore, aim facilitating a system-level discussion, this takes two steps. The first step to develop indicators for assessing setting. second qualitati...

It is increasingly being appreciated that innate immune mechanisms play a key role for the tuning of adaptive immunity in the gut and maintenance of mucosal homeostasis. Innate responses use preformed and rapidly synthesised effectors and sensors that lead to spontaneous activation or modulation of cellular functions, aiming at elimination of microbial challenges and return of the local tissue ...

Mussels are used as sentinel organisms and bioindicators to evaluate the toxic effects of chemical pollutants in marine organisms, especially heavy metals, representing an important tool for biomonitoring environmental pollution in coastal areas. Antioxidant defence enzymes play an important role in cellular antioxidant defence systems and protect from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen specie...

Recently security researchers have started to look into automated generation of attack trees from socio-technical system models. The obvious next step in this trend of automated risk analysis is automating the selection of security controls to treat the detected threats. However, the existing socio-technical models are too abstract to represent all security controls recommended by practitioners...

The hepatoprotective potential of saponarin, isolated from Gypsophila trichotoma, was evaluated in vitro/in vivo using a hepatotoxicity model of paracetamol-induced liver injury. In freshly isolated rat hepatocytes, paracetamol (100 μ mol) led to a significant decrease in cell viability, increased LDH leakage, decreased levels of cellular GSH, and elevated MDA quantity. Saponarin (60-0.006 μ g/...

The important problem in network security which solution is urgently needed is the investigation of counteraction between malefactors and defence systems in computer networks, including the Internet, and the creation of effective cyber-defence systems. It is important to underline that experienced malefactors realize sophisticated strategies of cyber-attacks. These strategies can include:  Inf...