In a clinical gait analysis, mechanical energy is the gait variable which can validate the energetic state of the disorder of patient's movement. The purpose of this study was to explore the possibilities of employing the total mechanical energy in estimating the mechanical cost of transport in normal and pathological human gait. One of the basic methods of determining mechanical energy (invert...

One of the important features of the racing car is the power to weight ratio, and to this end, weight has been considerably reduced by the use of carbon fibre in the modern Formula One car. The weight saving obtained from carbon fibre components is utilised by the strategic placement of ballast (since there is a minimum weight limit set by the racing authority, the FIA), ordinarily as low as po...

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to compare the effects of horseback riding exercise and trunk stability exercise on static and dynamic balance in normal adults. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty-two normal adults residing in communities were randomly divided into a horseback riding exercise group and a trunk stability exercise group, and they conducted exercise for eight weeks. [Results] Sway t...

An interval type-2 fuzzy set (IT2FS) contains the infinite number of embedded membership functions (MFs) defined as type-1 sets. The center gravity (COG) an IT2FS is obtained by integrating centroids all these MFs. However, obtaining COG in a continuous domain impossible because MFs and, discrete domain, comes with exponential time complexity. Therefore, different algorithms were proposed to fi...

one of the most important problems in geodesy is the unification of height datum. generally in geodesy; there are two types of height systems, the geometrical height based on ellipsoid and the physical height based on gravity-defined surface (zhang et al, 2009).local height datum is determined according to mean sea level (msl). in regarding to mismatch of mean sea level and geoid, on the one ha...

Defuzzification is the process of converting a fuzzy quantity to precise quantity, just as fuzzification is the conversion of a precise quantity to a fuzzy quantity. Various types of defuzzification methods, are available for conversion of fuzzy to non-fuzzy. In this paper, defuzzification functions in intuitionistic fuzzy environment such as triangular, trapezoidal, L-trapezoidal, R-trapezoida...

The purpose of this study is to find natural gait of biped robot such as human being by analyzing the COG (Center Of Gravity) trajectory of human being's gait. It is discovered that human beings gait naturally maintain the stability and use the minimum energy. This paper intends to find the natural gait pattern of biped robot using the minimum energy as well as maintaining the stability by anal...

Interpolative reasoning methods do not only help reduce the complexity of fuzzy models hut also make inference in sparse-rule based systems possible. This paper presents an interpolative reasoning method by exploiting the center of gravity (COG) property of the fuzzy sets concerned. The method works by first constructing a new inference rule via manipulating two given adjacent rules, and then b...

Satellite altimetry plays a key role in monitoring changes sea level and climate change. The quality of satellite products is commonly ensured through dedicated calibration. One such calibration with microwave transponders acting as ground reference point targets. It common practice that ranges between the transponder phase center gravity (CoG) are compared against true geometric to determine b...