introduction: the use of lopinavir/ritonavir (lpv/r) has decreased morbidity and mortality due to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv); however its use could be impaired by hepatotoxicity. therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of melatonin (mt) and alpha lipoic acid (ala) on lpv/r-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. methods: rats were divided into groups and treate...

anaerobic digestion is a feasible technology to stabilize the solid waste generated inslaughterhouses obtaining significant quantities of biogas, considered as a clean and renewable fuel. this iswhy it is important to optimize the digestion process in order to eliminate organic matter and maximize theproduction of biogas. in this work, a system was developed for treating slaughterhouse solid wa...

drying is one of the most important steps in raisin processing. during this step, initial moisture content decreases up to 15-17% (db) for suitable storage. achieving optimum drying conditions can affect the processing time and improve raisin quality. temperature, air velocity and pretreatment are important factors in the quality of the grape drying process. in this research, the effect of temp...

Agricultural feedstocks (brewers' spent grain - BSG, corncob - CC, corn husk - CH, wheat straw - WS and Luffa sponge - LS) were pretreated by liquid hot water (LHW) in order to increase cellulose recovery and enzymatic saccharification. LHW-pretreatment resulted in hemicellulose solubilization, and solids enriched in cellulose. Chemical analysis showed different susceptibilities of the feedstoc...

Wheat straw is a sufficient agricultural by-product with a low market price. The biofuel produced from lignocellulosic material exhibits energetic, economic and environmental benefits in contrast to bio-ethanol from starch or sugar. Until now, physical and chemical difficulty caused by the close connection of the main components of lignocellulosic biomass, discourage the hydrolysis of cellulose...

Lignocellulosic feedstock materials are the most abundant renewable bioresource material available on earth. It is primarily composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which are strongly associated with each other. Pretreatment processes are mainly involved in effective separation of these complex interlinked fractions and increase the accessibility of each individual component, thereby ...

The use of non-conventional solvent systems, such as deep eutectic solvents (DES), for biomass processing is a growing interest. DES are formed by two or more components, usually solids at room temperature, which can interact with each other via hydrogen bonding, from bond acceptor (HBA) and donor (HBD), resulting in liquid phase. most studied HBA the literature choline chloride several HBD the...

BACKGROUND Understanding factors that govern lignocellulosic biomass recalcitrance is a prerequisite for designing efficient 2nd generation biorefining processes. However, the reasons and mechanisms responsible for quantitative differences in enzymatic digestibility of various biomass feedstocks in response to hydrothermal pretreatment at different severities are still not sufficiently understo...

by discovering how chemical compounds/xenobiotics cytotoxicity is affected when their metabolic pathways are inhibited or activated, the metabolic pathways that activate versus detoxify chemical compound can be identified. reactive metabolites contributing to cytotoxicity can also be identified. in this lecture, the pretreatment of inhibitors and activators of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes as...

BACKGROUND In recent years, biorefining of lignocellulosic biomass to produce multi-products such as ethanol and other biomaterials has become a dynamic research area. Pretreatment technologies that fractionate sugarcane bagasse are essential for the successful use of this feedstock in ethanol production. In this paper, we investigate modifications in the morphology and chemical composition of ...