On September 22, 1980 Iraqis attacked Iran's air bases and simultaneously entered Iran with six army divisions on three fronts and occupied a vast part of Iranian territories. At that time, Iraqis did not have chemical warfare. But in time, they began to develop an intensive research program to produce and store chemical weapons and used the war fields to test and perfect their chemical warfare...

The problematic construction of domestic abuse as a ‘gendered, heterosexual phenomenon that is predominantly physical in nature’ has served to marginalise male victims of domestic abuse (Donovan and Hester, 2010:279), and impeded them from reaching victim status (Josolyne, 2011). As such, in comparison to women, men receive less recognition as victims within society, and support services are ta...

The aims of this study were as follows: (a) to examine the possible presence of an identifiable group of stable victims of cyberbullying; (b) to analyze whether the stability of cybervictimization is associated with the perpetration of cyberbullying and bully–victim status (i.e., being only a bully, only a victim, or being both a bully and a victim); and (c) to test whether stable victims repor...

BACKGROUND The health of females is more at risk during disasters. Studies that focus on the comparison of males and time span are few. This article focuses on the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of female victims in the post-disaster reconstruction in China. We aim to reduce gender health inequalities by comparing and analyzing gender differences in HRQOL. Moreover, we analyze the trend...

South Korea had a rapid industrialization after 1960s. 81.5 % of the country’s population lives in urban areas (1). A study shows 37.2 % of citizen use a humidifier and half of them employ humidifier disinfectants (2). It is very popular among urban citizen because of closed dry atmosphere in winter season. In 2011, unconfirmed viral lung disease was reported as a cause of pregnant death by Kor...

Once released into the air, humidifier disinfectants became tiny nano-size particles, and resulted in chemical bronchoalveolitis. Families had lost their most beloved members, and even some of them became broken. Based on an estimate of two million potential victims who had experienced adverse effects from the use of humidifier disinfectants, we can say that what we have observed was only the t...

This study draws on Social Learning Theory and uses a content analysis to critically examine the representations of victims, suspects and offenders on fictional crime television shows. Specifically, four such shows were studied: Law and Order: Special Victims Unit, Criminal Minds, Body of Proof and Rizzoli & Isles. Although some previous research assessed the representations of suspects and off...

► The identifiable victim effect is related to the perceiver's adult attachment style. ► Secure people provide similar levels of help to identified and unidentified victims. ► Attachment avoidance is associated with lower donations to both types of victims. ► Anxious people tend to donate relatively higher amounts to identified victims. ► Anxious people tend to donate relatively lower amounts t...

The impact of violent crime is devastating to victims, their family members, and loved ones.Although we understand that there is never closure or a return to normalcy for victims and their loved ones, we do know that helping victims understand and assert their rights and access needed services is critical if they are to regain a sense of control.While the services and support of victim advocate...