One shortcoming of the Pearson chi-square test is that it only examines the distribution of experiment outcomes, but not their interdependence. For example, the test statistic is invariant against re-ordering the outcomes. To remedy the shortcoming, G. Marsaglia suggested combining consecutive outcomes to form tuples and then examining the distribution of the tuples. The statistic of the test i...

1) Be able to perform the key steps to hypothesis testing 2) Understand the concept and use of the alpha value 3) Understand in general terms how the p value is derived 4) Correctly interpret the p value 5) Distinguish between type I and type II error 6) Understand the relationships among sample size, power, type I and type II error 7) Have a general notion of the concept of power as it relates...

An example of data from a study of disfl uencies in speech is shown in Table 1, which shows the parts of speech of 335 words following three types of disfl uencies. Both the part of speech and the disfl uency markers represent categorical variables. Table 1 shows that 30 uh’s were followed by a noun, 20 uhm’s were followed by a verb, etc. One question a researcher may be interested in exploring...

The information technology (IT) available today is being leveraged in customer acquisitions, driving automation and process efficiency, delivering ease and efficiency to customers. The study investigated the impact of technology on postal services in Ghana. The population for the study consists of all staff members of Ghana Post at the Head office. The entire population was used in the research...

Background: The Ethiopian epidemic is currently on the wane. However, the situation for infected children is in some ways lagging behind due to low treatment coverage and deficient prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Too few studies have examined HIV infected children presenting to care in low-income countries in general. Considering the presence of local variations in the nature of the...

The right research framework is the only way to lead us to become champions in our respective disciplines and certainly to be recognized as an excellent referral center of knowledge for the world. Deming, a well-known quality guru, has defined two research frameworks, namely enumerative study and analytic study. They are totally different in their applications and implications. He criticizes an...

The test of homogeneity for intraclass correlation coefficients has been one of the active topics in statistical research. Several chi-square tests have been proposed to test the homogeneity of intraclass correlations in the past few decades. The big concern for them is that these methods are seriously biased when sample sizes are not large. In this thesis, data driven approaches are proposed t...

BACKGROUND Much has been written in the educational literature on the value of communities of practise in enhancing student learning. Here, we take the experience of senior undergraduate medical students involved in short-term research as a member of a team as a paradigm for learning in a community of practise. Based on feedback from experienced supervisors, we offer recommendations for initiat...

OBJECTIVE Brain donation and neuropathological examination of brain tissues is the only way to obtain definitive diagnostic information on research subjects enrolled in aging studies. We investigated predictors of brain donation in a population-based study of centenarians in Phase III of the Georgia Centenarian Study (GCS). METHODS Sixty-six individuals (mean age = 100.6 years, 91% female, 20...