It is concluded, that complete coverage of immunization is a complex process in the present situation of Pakistan. The main causes of EPI failure are poor polices and management, shortage of vaccination centers and resources, cold chain failure, staff shortage, lack of community participation, misconception, and security situation. The government and the health ministry need to play a pivotal r...

Many people living in low and middle-income countries are not covered by civil registration and vital statistics systems. Consequently, a wide variety of other types of data including many household sample surveys are used to estimate health and population indicators. In this paper we combine data from sample surveys and demographic surveillance systems to produce small area estimates of child ...

BACKGROUND Governance of a country may have widespread effects on the health of its population, yet little is known about the effect of governance on child mortality in a country that is undergoing urbanization, economic development, and disease control. METHODS We obtained indicators of six dimensions of governance (perceptions of voice and accountability, political stability and absence of ...

A majority of these maternal and neonatal deaths could be prevented with early recognition and proper implementation of required skills and knowledge (Ray and Salihu, 2004). While the Millennium Development Goals (MDG4 and 5) call for a reduction in maternal mortality by three quarters and child mortality by two thirds, this can only be achieved if health care coverage of mothers and newborns i...

BACKGROUND Early weaning has been recommended to reduce postnatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. We evaluated the safety of stopping breast-feeding at different ages for mortality of uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers. METHODS During a trial of early weaning, 958 HIV-infected mothers and their infants were recruited and followed up from birth to 24 months postp...

OBJECTIVE To identify how 10 low- and middle-income countries achieved accelerated progress, ahead of comparable countries, towards meeting millennium development goals 4 and 5A to reduce child and maternal mortality. METHODS We synthesized findings from multistakeholder dialogues and country policy reports conducted previously for the Success Factors studies in 10 countries: Bangladesh, Camb...

BACKGROUND Suicide rates traditionally increased with ageing. There is a paucity of studies examining factors associated with age-associated trends in suicide rates. METHODS The relationship between suicide rates and ageing was examined by ascertaining suicide rates in the seven age-bands 16-24 years to 75+ years from the World Health Organisation for 97 countries. The relationship between so...

INTRODUCTION The Millennium Development Goals prompted renewed international efforts to reduce under-five mortality and measure national progress. However, scant evidence exists about the distribution of child mortality at low sub-national levels, which in diverse and decentralized countries like India are required to inform policy-making. This study estimates changes in child mortality across ...

It is a well-known fact that although the early age mortality rates have been declining globally the differentials by geographical regions, wealth, ethnicity/race, access and use of gender have been experienced within developed and developing countries as well as within the countries. The aim of this paper is to discuss the importance of gender inequalities as well as other socio-economic effec...

How much productivity improvement or cost reduction would be possible when the number of semiconductor chips fabricated increased from one million to two million? How many more wind farms or photovoltaic farms needed to be installed before their unit cost of producing electricity can become parity with unit cost from the fossil power plant? Can the child mortality rate in the world be reduced b...