OBJECTIVES The number of quit attempts it takes a smoker to quit successfully is a commonly reported figure among smoking cessation programmes, but previous estimates have been based on lifetime recall in cross-sectional samples of successful quitters only. The purpose of this study is to improve the estimate of number of quit attempts prior to quitting successfully. DESIGN We used data from ...

in arid and semi-arid rangelands, grazing as one of the natural or human induced processes has direct and indirect effects on structure and dynamics of plant community and ecosystems. a study was done to analyze the effects of grazing on plant species diversity and plant functional types‘ (pfts) diversity of arid and semi-arid rangelands. we analyzed plant richness and diversity data from 75 sa...

A taxonomic survey was carried out to assess the diversity of plant genetic resources in the Horticultural farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The data were collected during April 2004 to March 2005. A total of 25328 (including unidentified plant species) species were recorded in which trees, shrubs, herbs, climbers and woody grasses were 51.56, 27.60, 7.81, 10.41, and 2.61%...

fauna of the the aphid parasitoids at southern parts of the zagros submountains, and their host associations have been investigated. a total of 24 parasitoid species were identified in association with 30 aphids on 36 host plant species, representing more than 80 tritrophic associations (parasitoid-aphid-plant). aphidius avenae haliday is newly reported from iran. generally, the area of souther...

BACKGROUND Individual health beliefs are likely to play a key role in how people respond to knowledge and information about the potential harm from smoking and alcohol abuse. The objectives of the study were to 1) explore whether functional beliefs and risk minimizing beliefs were associated with intention to quit smoking and confidence to quit smoking and 2) explore whether functional beliefs ...

Pictorial health warnings on cigarette packs create aversive emotional reactions to smoking and induce thoughts about quitting; however, contrary to models of health behavior change, they do not appear to alter intentions to quit smoking. We propose and test a novel model of intention to quit an addictive habit such as smoking (the efficacy-desire model) that can explain this paradoxical effect...

BACKGROUND Behavioral theories suggest that a past quit attempt influences psycho-social determinants to predict smokers' intention to quit, although no study has tested the hypothesis among youth smokers. METHODS A sample of 1561 Chinese secondary students, who were current smokers, were collected in a cross-sectional school-based survey in Hong Kong. RESULTS For the 943 students with past...