The aim of this study was to quantify the global prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by means of a systematic review and random effects meta-analysis. PubMed was searched for population-based prevalence estimates published during the period 1990-2004. Articles were included if they: 1) provided total population or sex-specific estimates for COPD, chronic bronchitis and/or...

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) with complicating chronic lung diseases and/or hypoxia falls into group 3 of the updated classification of PH. Patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), diffuse lung disease (such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)) and with sleep disordered breathing are particularly exposed to the risk of developing PH. Although PH in such a context is usually mild...

Oxidative stress is an important causative factor in the onset and progression of smoking-related lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Superoxide dismutases (SODs) can prevent an increase in oxidative burden. A total of 1,390 subjects from the prospective Vlagtwedde-Vlaardingen cohort were genotyped for two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SOD2 and four ...

Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is an important research tool for assessing airway inflammation in a variety of inflammatory lung diseases. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), BAL recovery is often low, making analysis of the recovered fluid difficult to interpret. The present authors hypothesised that the degree of emphysema may predict BAL recovery. A total of 20 C...

Accordingly, it would also be interesting to have answers to the following questions concerning Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stage IV chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. 1) How many patients with a ground-level arterial oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry of .95% underwent hypoxic challenge testing? 2) How many patients flew without oxygen and with...

Chronic obstructive lung disease is characterized by persistent abnormalities in epithelial and immune cell function that are driven, at least in part, by infection. Analysis of parainfluenza virus infection in mice revealed an unexpected role for innate immune cells in IL-13-dependent chronic lung disease, but the upstream driver for the immune axis in this model and in humans with similar dis...

background: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is a chronic respiratory disease, which reduces the lung function and causes respiratory symptoms over time, and it is primarily associated with shortness of breath, cough and sputum production. roflumilast, which is a long-acting selective inhibitor, reduces the anti-inflammatory effect of the main symptoms of copd. the aim of this study...

International guidelines for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), particularly the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD), have been available since 2001 [1]. So far, the adherence in the general practice to such guidelines is unsatisfactory with the use of the different drugs, namely b2-agonists, inhaled and oral corticosteroids, anticholinergic...

introduction the global initiative for Chronic obstructive lung disease (gold) recently published an updated 2016 edition of the global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Copd)1 the aim of the document is to guide healthcare professionals in the diagnosis and management thereof and to differentiate patients with Copd from those with a...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality throughout the world. In an effort to increase awareness of COPD and to develop consensus on scientific evidence for management and prevention of this disease, the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) program was formed. A summary of the GOLD program is presented along with ...