The burdens of chronic obstructive airway diseases among the elderly in Europe, and worldwide, are increasing. Although asthma is common in all ages, the main airway disease affecting the elderly is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this paper is to review the prevalence and incidence of COPD on the basis of population studies. As the prevalence estimates of asthma are pr...

the process of bronchial tissue repair/remodeling depends on balance between production and degradation achieves the regulation of extracellular matrix turnover. we designed this study to evaluate relation between transforming growth factor β1 (tgfβ1) and tissue inhibitory of metaloproteinase 2 (timp2) as two main tissue mediators on activity and reversibility of asthma and chronic obstructive ...

OBJECTIVE To discuss the current clinical data on the prevalence, pathogenesis, staging, and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). DATA SOURCES This article reviews the results of published studies and presents data from current guidelines and expert opinion. CONCLUSIONS An insidious disorder that is asymptomatic early, COPD (the preferred term for patients with chronic...

REFERENCES 1. National Clinical Guideline Centre. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: management of adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary and secondary care. Updated. London: National Clinical Guideline Centre, 2010. 2. Department of Health/Respiratory Team. Consultation on a strategy for services for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in England. London, Dep...

Bone mineral density decreases with advancing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) severity, but it is not known whether this is reflected in higher fracture rates. The present authors wanted to compare the prevalence of vertebral deformities in COPD patients with those in a population-based reference group to determine whether the number of deformities was related to the severity of CO...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is now the main cause of disability in developed world. The advance COPD related to increasing breathlessness, disability, and periodic hospitalizations. An aging population world cigarette consumption developing countries expand global impact this condition. disorder associated with leads a decrease physical activity failure functional independence....

Anaemia of chronic disease (ACD), with chronically low levels of circulating haemoglobin, is an immune driven abnormality that occurs in many inflammatory diseases, and also in chronic heart failure. Although chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is "traditionally" associated with polycythaemia, the systemic inflammation that is now recognised as a feature of COPD makes it a possible cau...

The purpose of this paper was to systematically search the literature on (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ((18)F-FDG-PET) in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to provide a concise review of the reported results. Papers were searched through PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library using the MESH terms "pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive", "pu...

References 1 Rossi A, van der Molen T, del Olmo R, et al. INSTEAD: a randomised switch trial of indacaterol versus salmeterol/fluticasone in moderate COPD. Eur Respir J 2014; 44: 1548–1556. 2 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. 2010. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLDReport_ A...

Pulmonary hypertension is a common complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Its presence is associated with shorter survival and worse clinical evolution. In COPD, pulmonary hypertension tends to be of moderate severity and progresses slowly. However, transitory increases of pulmonary artery pressure may occur during exacerbations, exercise and sleep. Right ventricular func...