Increasing demand for plant oil for food, feed, and fuel production has led to food-fuel competition, higher plant lipid cost, and more need for agricultural land. On the other hand, the growing global production of biodiesel has increased the production of glycerol as a by-product. Efficient utilization of this by-product can reduce biodiesel production costs. We engineered Yarrowia lipolytica...

All auxotrophs of Aspergillus foetidus and all but two auxotrophs of A. niger which we isolated yield glucoamylase and citric acid, respectively, at levels below that of the prototrophic strain from which they were derived. Results of representative heterokaryon tests suggest that the nucleus was principally responsible for the inheritance of citric acid or glucoamylase production. Most somatic...

background: white button mushroom (agaricus bisporus) is a sensitive agricultural crop whose antioxidant properties are decreased during postharvest storage. in this study, the effect of citric acid dipping treatment on bioactive components and antioxidant properties of sliced button mushroom (agaricus bisporus) was investigated. methods: fresh mushrooms soaked in chilled citric acid solution a...

Gliadin was reacted with citric acid under weak acidic and weak alkaline conditions in both wet and dry states and the reaction mechanism was studied. The low morphological stability in an aqueous environment and inferior mechanical properties have restricted the applications of plant proteins, although these materials possess a unique structure, biocompatibility and biodegradability. Carboxyli...

Reduction of acrylamide formation in potato chips was investigated in relation to ten pretreatments before frying. Potato slices were fried at 170 C for 5 min. Prior to frying, potato slices were soaked in one of the following solutions for 60min : (1) tap water ; (2-4) NaCl solutions (1%, 2% and 3%); (5-7) citric acid solutions (0.5 %, 1 % and 2%); (8) combined solution (NaCl 3% +0.5% citric a...

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to establish the parameters of concentration, time and mode of application of citric acid and sodium citrate in relation to root conditioning. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 495 samples were obtained and equally distributed among 11 groups (5 for testing different concentrations of citric acid, 5 for testing different concentrations of sodium citrate and ...

The present experiment investigated Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) after intraoral infusions of 0.1 M citric acid, 0.3 M NaCl, and 0.3-30 mM quinine monohydrochloride (QHCl) in awake, behaving rats. Increases in QHCl concentration produced increases in the numbers of FLI-labeled neurons in the rostral part of the intermediate (i(r)) and rostral (r) NS...

Different inhalation methods are used for cough reflex sensitivity (CRS) measurement. The single-breath method of tussigenic agent aerosol inhalation is widely used now. Comparison of two tussigenic agents--citric acid and capsaicin--in cough reflex sensitivity measurement was used in healthy volunteers. In 17 healthy volunteers (7 M, 10 F; mean age 21 years) without respiratory tract infection...

Vegetation at mining sites can produce increased heavy metal leaching by the organic acids and protons originating from root secretion and litter degradation. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of organic acids and pH on the extraction of Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu from an alkaline mine soil (sampled from a mining site of Chenzhou City, Hunan Province) and an acid mine soil (sam...

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of citric acid or the sweetening agent aspartame on the CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rats. Citric acid (10 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg or 1000 mg/kg), aspartame (0.625 or 1.25 mg/kg) or silymarin (25 mg/kg) was given once daily orally simultaneously with CCl4 and for one week thereafter. The administration of citric acid at 100 mg/kg or 1000 mg/kg to C...