UNLABELLED BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chronic cough is a common symptom the aetiology of which can be challenging to diagnose. Diagnostic protocols for chronic cough have required the use of specialist investigations which are not always easily available. We wanted to determine whether patients with chronic cough can be successfully managed using a clinical algorithm. METHODS 112 consecutive pati...

Periodontal pocketing, attachment loss, bone loss, and subgingival inflammation are among the clinical signs of periodontitis. Periodontal pockets and subgingival inflammation give evidence of actual periodontal infection, whereas attachment loss and bone loss are symptoms of former periodontitis that has caused tissue destruction in the past. Several clinical or radiographic methods are used t...

It is appropriate to commence this article on the history of urine examination with the words of Auguste Comte (1798-1857), who wrote in Positive Philosophy that "To understand a science it is necessary to know its history".' In this context and with special reference to urine, the most freely accessible of all biological fluids, it is not surprising to know that over the course of history it w...