The effects of particle size, fermentation, roasting time and roasting temperature of cocoa nibs on cocoa butter extraction using supercritical fluid technology were studied. The effect of particle size was studied using cocoa liquor (D = 0.074 mm), ground cocoa nib (D = 0.25–0.50 mm and 1.0–1.2 mm) and whole cocoa nibs at 35 MPa, 60 C and flow rate of 2 ml/min using supercritical carbon dioxid...

Abstract Changes in climate patterns are the main challenges being faced by coffee and cocoa production systems, one of key sources livelihood for farmers Togo’s humid dense forests zone, also known as “Togo ecological zone IV”. The objective this study was to analyze climatic vulnerability coffee-cocoa agroforestry systems (CCAFS) Togo IV both ongoing (last 40 years 1980–2019) incoming decades...

The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) has been designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Due to the limited radio channel capacities and hardware resources of such devices, congestion can be a serious problem. CoAP addresses this important issue with a basic congestion control mechanism. CoCoA, an Internet-Draft proposal, introduced alter...

Cocoa is a rich source of flavonoids, mainly (-)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin, and procyanidins. This article reports the effect of continuous cocoa intake on antioxidant capacity in plasma and tissues, including lymphoid organs and liver, from young rats. Weaned Wistar rats received natural cocoa (4% or 10% food intake) for three weeks, corresponding to their infancy. Flavonoid absorption was con...

OBJECTIVE We previously found that ingested cocoa decreased visceral adipose tissue weight in rat. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of that effect, we carried out experiments aimed at analyzing biochemical parameters and gene expression profiles. METHODS Rats were fed either of two high-fat diets, differing only in supplementation with real or mimetic cocoa. On day 21, body weights, mese...

Dietary resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene) has been implicated in the health benefits associated with grapes and red wine, more specifically with potential benefits for metabolic syndrome, energy use, and increased endurance. Levels of trans-resveratrol and its glucoside, trans-piceid, were determined in 19 top selling commercially available cocoa-containing and chocolate products from the...

Cocoa fields in West Africa traditionally kept other tree species to provide shade for cocoa trees and obtain food products. Measuring is paramount monitoring environmental conditions agroforests, but it has been difficult apply at a large scale. This study presents the results of rapid assessment method applied Ghana, developed measure non-cocoa characteristics based on easily observed paramet...