Numerous electronic cash schemes have been proposed over the years ranging from Ecash, Mondex to Millicent. However none of these schemes have been adopted by the financial institutions as an alternative to traditional paper based currency. The Ecash scheme was the closest to a system that mimicked fiat currency with the property that it provided anonymity for users when buying coins from the B...

In a recent study in the journal Cell, Tervo et al. (2014) show that animals can implement stochastic choice policies in environments unfavorable to predictive strategies. The shift toward stochastic behavior was driven by noradrenergic signaling in the anterior cingulate cortex.

Bitcoin ([3]) is the world’s first decentralized digital currency, allowing the easy storage and transfer of cryptographic tokens. It uses a peer-to-peer network to carry information, hashing as a synchronization signal to prevent double-spending, and a powerful scripting system to determine ownership of the tokens. There is a growing technology and business infrastructure supporting it. By the...

From 1st January 2002 we have the unique possibility to follow the spread of national euro coins over the different European countries. We model and analyse this movement and estimate the time it will take before on average half the coins in our wallet will be foreign.

Many of the standard notions of security we have examined quarter with respect to two-party communication may fail to capture notions of security in unusual settings. One such setting, not unrealistic in multi-party protocols, is the setting in which a receiver receives n individual messages from n distinct senders, all of which are encrypted and committed to their values. At some point, the re...

Abstract This paper summarizes and compares several main types of coin sorting devices. Through different processes principles, the coins 1 jiao, 5 yuan are classified collected separately. Because structural characteristics coins, they have advantages multiple circulation, wear resistance, easy recovery, so on. Coins play an important role in small denomination currency. These devices can real...

Objectives To determine factors associated with the passage of coins. To determine the need for repeat preoperative chest x-ray (CXR) for esophageal coin foreign body. Setting Academic tertiary care center. Design Case series with chart review. Subjects and Methods Patient information was retrieved from an Institutional Review Board-approved database. We identified 1359 children with esophageal...

We use Markov chains and numerical linear algebra — and several CPU hours — to determine the expected number of coins in a person’s possession under certain conditions. We identify the spending strategy that results in the minimum possible expected number of coins, and we consider two other strategies which are more realistic.

Two cases of multiple foreign bodies, i. e., duplex coins in the esophagus are reported. These foreign bodies were removed by peroral esophagoscopy successfully. Significance of roentgenray diagnosis is emphasized, and subtle and yet specific roentgenograms of duplex coins in the esophagus are illustrated. ∗PMID: 4254202 [PubMed indexed for MEDLINE] Copyright c ©OKAYAMA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOO...

This paper describes the coins (COnstraint-based INteractive Solving) system: a conflict-based constraint solver. It helps understanding inconsistencies, simulates constraint additions and/or retractions (without any propagation), determines if a given constraint belongs to a conflict and provides diagnosis tools (eg. why variable v cannot take value val). coins also uses user-friendly represen...