During the past two decades, the involvement of non-academic sponsors of biomedical research, particularly clinical trial research, has increased exponentially. It is estimated that between 1980 and 2003 the overall research and development expenditure by US pharmaceutical companies increased from $2 billion to $33 billion [1]. The sources of funding for biomedical research have also shifted si...

This study investigated the impact of macroeconomic factors on financial performance commercial banks in Indonesia. By analyzing a sample Indonesian over specified period, research examines relationships between bank profitability and key variables, such as interest rates, inflation, exchange economic growth. Employing literature review methodology, aimed to shed light how these influence banks...