This article lays the conceptual foundations for the study of the market value of information commodities. The terms “information” and “commodity” are given precise definitions in order to characterize “information commodity,” and thus to provide a sound basis for examining questions of pricing. Information is used by marketplace actors to make decisions or to control processes. Thus, we define...

The analysis of markets with indivisible goods and fixed exogenous prices has played an important role in economic models, especially in relation to wage rigidity and unemployment. This paper provides a novel mathematical programming based approach to study pure exchange economies where discrete amounts of commodities are exchanged at fixed prices. Barter processes, consisting in sequences of e...

This paper derives a Phillips curve with imported commodities as an additional input in the production process. Given greater reliance on exogenously priced imported commodities in production then changes in output lead to a reduced impact on marginal costs and prices. The Phillips curve becomes ‡atter relative to the benchmark New Keynesian case. Empirical evidence supports the hypothesis that...

Malaria remains a serious clinical and public health problem, the object of an ongoing technological and humanitarian struggle to abate the very substantial harm done. The manner by which humanity approached malaria control changed abruptly and profoundly after 1945 with the advent of the insecticide DDT. Malariologists in the first half of the twentieth century conceived precise modifications ...

The authors found that, concurrent with the rapidly growing index investment in commodity markets since the early 2000s, prices of non-energy commodity futures in the United States have become increasingly correlated with oil prices; this trend has been significantly more pronounced for commodities in two popular commodity indices. This finding reflects the financialization of the commodity mar...

1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) is an inhibitor of ethylene perception. It binds irreversibly to the ethylene receptors and inhibits downstream processes that are controlled by ethylene. In the area of postharvest this means many ripening processes of climacteric fruits, such as softening, color and aroma development, respiration increase and organic acid decrease are inhibited. However, beyond th...

— In challenging the conventional wisdom at the time, Singer and Prebisch posited a number of explanations for declining terms of trade of developing economies, including both countryand product-specific factors. Over the past decade, we have begun to witness a simultaneous process of price differentiation within commodities (with the prices of some commodities increasing) and within manufactur...

In recent years there has been much interest in alternative sources of income for farmers. This is because economic theory suggests that demand for agricultural commodities is inelastic so that, as incomes in society as a whole increase, those of farmers do not necessarily keep pace Ð hence the current problems with falling real farm incomes. In contrast the demand for services is relatively el...

Computational efficiency and First-In-First-Out (FIFO) are both important issues in applications such as dynamic traffic assignment. In this paper, we first show by example the FIFO properties of a computationally efficient commodity-based kinematic wave (CKW) model of network traffic flow. After developing measurements of FIFO violation among commodities in location and time, based on misplace...