Increasing worldwide demand for mammalian cell production capacity will likely be partially satisfied by a greater use of higher volumetric productivity perfusion processes. An important additional component of any perfusion system is the cell retention device that can be based on filtration, sedimentation, and/or acoustic technologies. A common concern with these systems is that pumping and tr...

Vapour and liquid phases of a simple batch distillation may be separated theoretically at equilibrium at a certain pressure and temperature state. A small separation effect can be achieved by this, because only one equilibrium stage between liquid and vapour phase is thereby realised. Contacting again vapour and liquid flows leaving one single stage in co-current mode, no further separation eff...

Common-mode voltage (CMV) in electric drives causes leakage current causing consequently EMI problems, loss and reduction of their components' lifetime. Several solutions have been proposed which usually lead to higher cost because additional components are used. This paper is focused on the mitigation resulting CMV produced by operation VSD means a specifically designed PWM method. The proposa...

Three-phase back-to-back converters are widely applied in various industrial, commercial, and domestic applications, such as AC motor drives. Due to the non-sinusoidal voltages they generate, a common mode voltage (CMV) appears, leading problems electrical drive systems high-frequency applications. The CMV rapid changes can cause serious problems, including leakage currents flowing through para...