Despite the rising interest, and existing huge literature on corporate social responsibility (CSR), up to now there is a scarce of research focused small medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) featured as discretionary about philanthropic actions mainly in emerging markets, where not an ecumenical assumed concept. This study address this issue by drawing upon CSR undertaking their varying degrees coun...

For [contemporary] social anthropologists, the important conclusion, always worth repeating, is that the observation and the labelling of 'behaviour' are inseparable from the importation of socially derived meanings even when observing monkeys. How much more so when the process is reflexive, when the observers and the observed are both 'meaning-makers' ... Edwin Ardener, 1977: Comprehending Oth...

This study investigated whether the interaction with objects could be modulated by the real presence of another person. We used a “joint paradigm” in which participants performed the task while another person was just sitting in front of them (Social condition) or interacting with them (Joint condition). Kinematics measures showed how comprehending sentences referring to objects and to others i...

A design of inverted index based on web document comprehending is induced and the algorithm is presented by combining the inverted index and the web documents understanding technology. Experimental results show that less time is cost than the traditional inverted index to query in the documents with the same size.