INTRODUCTION Asthma is one of the leading causes of school absenteeism. Previous studies have shown that school absenteeism is related to family income of individual students. However, there is little research examining whether school absenteeism is related to school-level concentration of low-income students, independent of family income. The objective of this study was to examine whether the ...

BACKGROUND This study aimed to measure the income-related inequalities and inequities - the inequalities that remain after accounting for differences in health need - in expenditure on fully publicly covered (hospital and ambulatory) and partially publicly covered (prescription drugs) services for those in their last year of life in the province of British Columbia (B.C.), Canada. We focused on...

confirmation of convergence hypothesis among provinces, its role in removing divergence among regions and achieving regional convergence is one of the important issues in macroeconomics. the aim of the present study is to examine absolute and conditional income convergence hypotheses among iranian provinces during the period 2000-2010 using panel data. the hypotheses are tested for the whole pr...

The Commonwealth Fund Survey of Older Adults reveals that adults ages 50 to 70 who rely on the individual insurance market for health coverage pay much higher premiums than their counterparts with employer coverage or Medicare. The survey found that in 2004, more than half (54%) of older adults with individual coverage spent $3,600 or more annually on premiums. A quarter (26%) spent $6,000 or m...

Malthusian conditions are a byword for stagnation. We argue that this view is wrong. Europe’s relative riches in 1700 are best understood as the result of Malthusian forces favoring high per capita output. Favorable shifts in mortality and fertility schedules were responsible. Incomes between 1300 and 1800 rose because of two related but distinct European “inventions”—a peculiar marriage patter...

BACKGROUND Our objective was to investigate the impact of socioeconomic status and subjective social class on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) vs. overall quality of life (QOL). METHODS We performed a longitudinal analysis using data regarding 8250 individuals drawn from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA). We analyzed differences between HRQOL and QOL in individuals of vario...

background and objectives: evidence shows that transfer of hospital governance to board of trustees can positively influence hospital performance. iran has initiated implementing such a transformation and a number of hospitals have been involved in this reform. this study aimed to explore the effectiveness of such a reform by examining performance profile of a sample hospital across the interve...

introductionrural administration as an executive arm of councils is of important institutions in iran which are constantly facing difficulties providing finance for their commitments based on institutions. these difficulties chakllahnge their abilities in providing services to rural societies since the capacity of rural economy is lilmited in making income and the average incomeof rural familie...

agricultural research is one of the most important factors in agricultural development, thus, the role and importance of research is increasing. within the past years, all developed and consequently developing countries have engaged their most attention to promote their researches indexes. this study is investigating the effect of agricultural research on the distribution of income and agricult...