guardianship is a magnificent term and concept that, regarding its verbal and terminological meanings, has different levels in the quran and narrations, and has ties with a variety of concepts. at one level, guardianship is exclusively for god, and at a lower level, this position has been bestowed upon the prophets and imams by the sublime god’s permission. the latter level guardianship is cond...

Epidemiologists, like many scientists, tend to become specialized and focused on a particular disease, even though behavioral risk factors such as physical activity have effects across many diseases. This commentary is a personal reflection by an epidemiologist on the shortcomings of this disease-oriented approach to prevention.