This paper proposes a framework for hypothesis testing in the presence of nonlinearity and nonstationarity. The focus is test hypotheses which cannot be treated using either unit root asymptotics and/or nonlinear functional central limit theorem results (Park and Phillips (1997)). The key element of the approach is the use of a wild bootstrap type randomization procedure coupled with sample con...

Objective: In the present study, the effects of aqueous saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) on the acquisition and reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice were investigated. Materials and Methods: Subcutaneous administration of morphine (40 mg/kg for four days) produced place preference. Intraperitoneal administration of aqueous extract (40 and 80 mg/kg for...

There is evidence from animal experiments that the cerebellum and its associated brainstem circuitry are involved in the acquisition of the conditioned response. In order to obtain evidence for their involvement in humans, we studied classical delay conditioning, using the eye-blink conditioned response, in five patients with pure cerebellar cortical atrophy and seven patients with olivopontoce...

Agonists and antagonists of dopamine, acetylcholine, and glutamate were injected bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens in 5 adult cats, and their effects on classically conditioned responses and locomotor activity were observed. Dopamine reduced conditioned consummatory responses (leg flexion and vocalization) and conditioned changes in respiration rate, but did not affect other conditioned pr...

This article reviews situations in which stimuli produce an increase or a decrease in nociceptive responses through basic associative processes and provides an associative account of such changes. Specifically, the literature suggests that cues associated with stress can produce conditioned analgesia or conditioned hyperalgesia, depending on the properties of the conditioned stimulus (e.g., con...

Cerebellar posterior interpositus neurons were recorded in cats during delayed and trace conditioning of eyeblinks. Type A neurons increased their firing in the time interval between conditioned and unconditioned stimulus presentations for both paradigms, while type B neurons decreased it. The discharge of different type A neurons recorded across successive conditioning sessions increased, with...

In the first half of the 20th century following the Neogrammarian tradition, most researchers believed that sound change was always conditioned by phonetic phenomena and never by grammar. Beginning in the 1960s, proponents of the generative school put forward cases of grammatically conditioned sound change. From then until now, new cases have continued to come to light. A close look at the deve...

Conditioned Belief Propagation (CBP) is an algorithm for approximate inference in probabilistic graphical models. It works by conditioning on a subset of variables and solving the remainder using loopy Belief Propagation. Unfortunately, CBP’s runtime scales exponentially in the number of conditioned variables. Locally Conditioned Belief Propagation (LCBP) approximates the results of CBP by trea...

The effects of lesions of the cerebellum on the acquisition and retention of aversive Pavlovian conditioned bradycardia were examined in rabbits. Lesions of the anterior cerebellar vermis severely attenuated the acquisition of simple conditioned bradycardia without disrupting baseline heart rate (HR), or unconditioned HR responses. Also, lesions of the vermis performed after the acquisition of ...

How does the acquisition of a conditioned reflex (CR) proceed when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is not merely a novel indifferent stimulus (SO) but has been previously used as a positive CS or an inhibitory CS connected with another CR? There are several reasons to assume that no simple answer is possible. The outcome of such a transformation of a CS eliciting one CR into a signal of a differe...