Assessing benefits and risks of estrogen and hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women has been a long story with conflicting results and major changes in paradigms.1,2 Observational studies had consistently demonstrated a reduction in mortality and cardiovascular disease incidence in women on hormone replacement therapy compared to postmenopausal women not on replacement therapy. How...

Assessing benefits and risks of estrogen and hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women has been a long story with conflicting results and major changes in paradigms.1,2 Observational studies had consistently demonstrated a reduction in mortality and cardiovascular disease incidence in women on hormone replacement therapy compared to postmenopausal women not on replacement therapy. How...

OBJECTIVE To comprehensively review and critically assess the literature on vaginal estrogen and its alternatives for women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause and to provide clinical practice guidelines. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE and Cochrane databases were searched from inception to April 2013. We included randomized controlled trials and prospective comparative studies. Interventions and c...

BACKGROUND Observational studies examining the role of estrogen in the risk of kidney stone formation have shown conflicting results. However, randomized trial evidence on nephrolithiasis risk with estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women is lacking. METHODS We reviewed the incidence of nephrolithiasis in the Women's Health Initiative estrogen-alone and estrogen plus progestin trials conducte...

OBJECTIVE To perform a systematic review of the effects of estrogen therapy on symptoms suggestive of overactive bladder (OAB) in postmenopausal women. MATERIALS AND METHODS This analysis involved a literature review of Medline, Excerpta Medica, and the Science Citation Index and a manual search of popular urology, gynecology, gerontology, and primary care medicine journals from January 1969 ...

INTRODUCTION Acute skin wound healing is a complicated process comprising various phases. Recent animal studies have shown that steroid sex hormones such as estrogen maybe helpful in the regulation of several pathophysiologic stages that are involved in wound healing. In this study we examined the effects of topical estrogen in the treatment of traumatic facial wounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS P...

CONTEXT Recommendations for postmenopausal hormone therapy have changed since the Women's Health Initiative indicated that estrogen was harmful for use in disease prevention; however, treatment of menopausal symptoms with low-dose estrogen remains an approved indication for use. OBJECTIVE To compare the short-term efficacy and adverse effects of 2 commonly used estrogens, conjugated equine es...

Menopause is associated with health concerns including vasomotor symptoms, vulvar/vaginal atrophy (VVA), and osteoporosis. Estrogen therapy or combined estrogen-progestin therapy (EPT) are primary treatment options for menopausal symptom relief and osteoporosis prevention. Because EPT has been associated with some safety/tolerability concerns relating to undesirable effects of estrogen and prog...

BACKGROUND Lipoproteins affect endothelium-dependent vasomotor responsiveness. Because lipoprotein effects of estrogen and cholesterol-lowering therapies differ, we studied the vascular responses to these therapies in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. METHODS AND RESULTS We randomly assigned 28 women to conjugated equine estrogen (CE) 0.625 mg, simvastatin 10 mg, and their combinatio...