This article surveysBayesianmethods for categorical data analysis, with primary emphasis on contingency table analysis. Early innovations were proposed by Good (1953, 1956, 1965) for smoothing proportions in contingency tables and by Lindley (1964) for inference about odds ratios. These approaches primarily used conjugate beta and Dirichlet priors. Altham (1969, 1971) presented Bayesian analogs...

Enterprise Architecture (EA) and methods for the design and employment of EA significantly contribute to the transparency, consistency and eventually to the flexibility of an organization. However, there is hardly any “one-size-fits-all” EA method that is equally effective for a broad range of transformation projects or in a large number of different contexts. Based on an empirical analysis, th...

We present a unified approach to describing and linking several methods for representing categorical data in a contingency table. These methods include: correspondence analysis, Hellinger distance analysis, the log-ratio alternative, which is appropriate for compositional data, and the non-symmetrical correspondence analysis. We also present two solutions working with cummulative frequencies.

This paper proposes a novel approach for coherent generators online clustering in a large power system following a wide area disturbance. An interconnected power system may become unstable due to severe contingency when it is operated close to the stability boundaries. Hence, the bulk power system controlled islanding is the last resort to prevent catastrophic cascading outages and wide area bl...

Evaluative conditioning (EC) is a change in the valence of a stimulus that results from pairing the stimulus with an affective stimulus. Two high-powered studies (total N = 1,161) investigated the nature of the relationship between EC and contingency awareness measured as contingency memory. Stronger EC occurred among people with more accurate and more confident memory of the pairings. Awarenes...

The ability to detect a human’s contingent response is an essential skill for a social robot attempting to engage new interaction partners or maintain ongoing turn-taking interactions. Prior work on contingency detection focuses on single cues from isolated channels, such as changes in gaze, motion, or sound. We propose a framework that integrates multiple cues for detecting contingency from mu...

Although many clustering procedures aim to construct an optimal partition of objects or, sometimes, of variables, there are other methods, called block clustering methods, which consider simultaneously the two sets and organize the data into homogeneous blocks. This kind of methods has practical importance in a wide of variety of applications such as text and market basket data analysis. Typica...

BACKGROUND Research on contingency management to treat excessive alcohol use is limited due to feasibility issues with monitoring adherence. This study examined the effectiveness of using transdermal alcohol monitoring as a continuous measure of alcohol use to implement financial contingencies to reduce heavy drinking. METHODS Twenty-six male and female drinkers (from 21 to 39 years old) were...

A formula is contingent if it is possibly true and possibly false. A formula is noncontingent if it is not contingent, i.e., if it is necessarily true or necessarily false. In an epistemic setting, ‘a formula is contingent’ means that you are ignorant about its value, whereas ‘a formula is non-contingent’ means that you know whether it is true. Although non-contingency is definable in terms of ...

In his paper, "Language, Vagueness, and Social Communication," Colin B. Grant adopts an interdisciplinary approach to an interrelated complex of language, communication, and society. Grant operates with a modified concept of vagueness as a pragmatic property and attempts to establish a link between pragmatic vagueness and contingency in communication. This communicative contingency takes the fo...