Recent work in formal pragmatics has devoted much attention to the question of whether scalar implicatures are generated by conversational reasoning or by grammatical devices. The former approach has been dominant for some time, due in large measure to the work of Grice (1975, 1989). However, there has been a recent flourishing of grammatically-oriented alternatives in which scalar implicatures...

English teachers and students face difficulties grasping the meaning, leading to misunderstanding. This study aims analyses use of conversational implicature focusing on instructional communication in an classroom. The research used qualitative methodology descriptive analysis as design. instrument consisted observations documentation. data video recording during classroom process. participants...

Making inferences beyond the literal meaning of sentences occurs with certain scalar expressions via scalar implicatures. For example, adults usually interpret some as some but not all. On the basis of behavioral research, it has been suggested that processing implicatures is cognitively costly. However, many studies have used cases where sentences with some did not match the context in which t...

The ongoing theoretical debate Scalar Implicatures (SIs) are pragmatic inferences that are normally derived in conversational exchanges when a scalar term is used. Different theoretical accounts have been proposed to explain how and when implicatures are derived. We will focus here on one particular aspect of this debate, namely, the question of the “cost” of implicature computation, which has ...

English, as a communication tool, plays an extremely significant role in cross-cultural communication. While it is true that language users can mean exactly what they their utterances, also have utterances much more than say. Speakers of English speak indirectly, and using conversational implicatures way to be indirect. And sentences often express messages above beyond literal meanings, not sur...

This study aims at investigating implicatures in the machine translation of selected conversations from novel “The Hunger Games” by Collins (2008). The are nine taken beginning, middle and end crucial points novel’s plot that push action forward. analyzes conversational according to Grice’s maxims (1991). It specifically examines MT system’s instances where these were flouted source text. is do...

Such aspectual verbs and degree modifiers can be treated as scalar expressions with lower-bounded (‘at least’) semantics (on scalar semantics, see Horn, 1972; Gazdar, 1979; Atlas and Levinson, 1981; Atlas, 1984; Grice, 1989; Levinson, 2000). In cases where this semantic content falls short of the informativeness and relevance expectations raised by the conversational exchange, the hearer is ent...

I In this paper we present algorithms for the interpretation and generation of a kind of particu-larized conversational implicature occurring in certain indirect replies. Our algorithms make use of discourse expectations, discourse plans, and discourse relations. The algorithms calculate implica-tures of discourse units of one or more sentences. Our approach has several advantages. First, by ta...

The process of diagnosis involves learning about the state of a system from various observations of symptoms or findings about the system. Sophisticated Bayesian (and other) algorithms have been developed to revise and maintain beliefs about the system as observations are made. Nonetheless, diagnostic models have tended to ignore some common sense reasoning exploited by human diagnosticians. In...