One of the primary challenges faced by contemporary organizations stems from the breakdown of the boundary between their internal and external aspects. Previously, organizations could disconnect their internal functioning from their external relations in the environment because there were few contacts between insiders and outsiders. Top executives, marketing, purchasing, PR and strategic planni...

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04827-y

international competition for having a greater contribution in the world is ever increasing, thus human resource management plays an important role. in a knowledge-based economy, an all-out participation of women in different social arenas promises optimal utilization of all human resource potentials. in this respect, iran has experienced an extensive presence of women in its higher education. ...