BACKGROUND In China, malaria has been posing a significant economic burden on households. To evaluate malaria economic burden in terms of both direct and indirect costs has its meaning in improving the effectiveness of malaria elimination program in China. METHODS A number of study sites (eight counties in five provinces) were selected from the malaria endemic area in China, representing the ...

Most animals are faced with the challenge of securing food under the risk of predation. This frequently generates a trade-off whereby animals respond to predator cues with reduced movement to avoid predation at the direct cost of reduced foraging success. However, predators may also cause prey to be apprehensive in their foraging activities, which would generate an indirect 'apprehension cost'....

State Medicaid agencies are required to assist low-income Medicare beneficiaries to pay Medicare cost sharing, defined as premiums, deductibles, and coinsurance, as follows: all cost sharing for those below the Federal poverty level (FPL) and otherwise qualifying; Part B premiums for persons with incomes 100-120 percent of FPL; all or a portion Part B premiums for persons 120-175 percent of FPL...

This paper, written in 1995, was motivated by my running groups for violent offenders for two years, as I was preparing for my doctoral internship. I had a master’s degree in clinical psychology and was halfway through my Ph.D. program. My interest was in tying together the applied, academic, political, and economic issues affecting the treatment of criminals. Corrections policies are largely r...

OBJECTIVE To assess the incremental costs and cost effectiveness of implementing a home based muscle strengthening and balance retraining programme that reduced falls and injuries in older women. DESIGN An economic evaluation carried out within a randomised controlled trial with two years of follow up. Participants were individually prescribed an exercise programme (exercise group, n=116) or ...

INTRODUCTION Malaria remains a real problem of public health. Its hospital care generates important expenditures for affected households. The present study aimed to estimate direct and indirect costs of severe child malaria in reference hospitals in Kinshasa. METHODOLOGY This prospective study included 1,350 children under 15 years of age suffering from severe malaria. The study was performed...

OBJECTIVE To weigh the costs and benefits of a pharmacy-based health promotion programme implemented in four pharmacies of the Quebec City area, Canada. This programme was developed to improve blood pressure control through activities aimed at improving the quality of prescribing and the adherence to treatment. DESIGN Nine pharmacies in Quebec City were included, of which four pharmacies were...

Asthma represents a growing public health problem and the cost of asthma has been rising in many countries. The aim of this study was to estimate the direct and indirect cost of asthma among adult patients in Italy, and to assess the relationship between healthcare resource use and asthma severity according to the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) classification system. A multicentre cross-se...

The purpose of this analytical review was to estimate the direct and indirect economic costs of physical inactivity and obesity in Canada in 2001. The relative risks of diseases associated with physical inactivity and obesity were determined from a meta-analysis of existing prospective studies and applied to the health care costs of these diseases in Canada. Estimates were derived for both the ...

PURPOSE Status epilepticus (SE) is an important neurological emergency and a significant source of direct costs related to hospitalization; however, no cost-of-illness (COI) studies have been performed in Europe. The objective of this study was to determine and characterize hospital costs related to the acute inpatient treatment of SE and to provide national estimates of SE hospitalization cost...