In addition to material and production costs, consumption emission limits, the requirements for performance, efficiency space utilization must be met when it comes design of today's internal combustion engines automotive industry. As a result, three new trends have been emerged (based on J. Pfleghaar B. Lohmann's paper in 2013): 1. downsizing: reduction engine size (number pistons stroke) fuel ...

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of early onset scoliosis with posterior hook constructs and fusion is often complicated by the crankshaft phenomenon, which is the gradual increase in rotational deformity due to continued anterior growth in the presence of a solid posterior fusion. The combination of a posterior hook construct and an anterior fusion is considered the gold standard for prevention of ...