Negative reinforcement processes allow individuals to avoid negative and/or harmful outcomes. They depend on the brain’s ability differentiate; (i) contingency from non-contingency, separately (ii) judgements about positive and valence. Thirty-three males (8–18 years) performed a cued reaction-time task during fMRI scanning differentiate responses valence loss avoidance. In two conditions, cues...

AbstractsIntroductions: Adiction is a pattern of substance abuse behavior characterized by overuse the (compulsive use), safety its availability, and high likelihood relapse after discontinuation. There are 3 (three) stages addiction, those stage internal change, lifestyle life breakdown. Objectives: This study aims to explore I-PACE concepts about components their relation with emergence addic...

Response strategy in the dual-solution plus maze is regarded as a form of stimulus-response learning. In this study, by using an outcome devaluation procedure, we show that it can be based on both action-outcome and stimulus-response habit learning, depending on the amount of training that the animals receive. Furthermore, we show that deactivation of the dorso-medial and the dorso-lateral stri...

How do people cope with setbacks and persist with their goals? We examine how perceiving control over setbacks alters neural processing in ways that increase persistence through adversity. For example, a student might retake a class if initial failure was due to controllable factors (e.g., studying) but give up if failure was uncontrollable (e.g., unfair exam questions). Participants persisted ...

Research suggests that the exercise of control is desirable and adaptive, but the precise mechanisms underlying the affective value of control are not well understood. The study reported here characterized the affective experience of personal control by examining the neural substrates recruited when individuals anticipate the opportunity to make a choice--in other words, when they anticipate th...

In a dynamic environment, animals need to update information about the rewards expected from their alternative actions continually to make optimal choices for its survival. Because the reward resulting from a given action can be substantially delayed, the process of linking a reward to its causative action would be facilitated by memory signals related to the animal's previous actions. Although...

L -DOPA is the criterion standard of treatment for Parkinson disease. Although it alleviates some Parkinsonian symptoms, long-term induces -DOPA–induced dyskinesia (LID). Several theoretical models including firing rate model, pattern and ensemble model are proposed to explain mechanisms LID. The “firing model” proposes that decreasing mean rates output nuclei basal ganglia (BG) globus pallidus...

Despite the striatum’s large extension along rostro-caudal brain axis, current knowledge on functions of striatum rely mostly its rostral sectors. Emerging evidence reveals a peculiar anatomo-functional organization tail (TS). The TS, characterized by specific corticostriatal, thalamostriatal, and nigrostriatal converging projections, represents key sensory-related striatal area. According to s...

Background The origin of hangekobokuto (HKT) is from Jin Gui Yao Lue (Kinkiyōryaku in Japanese), and it has been indicated for treating throat discomfort women. Key Findings HKT consists five crude drugs. Clinical studies have shown that can improve the swallowing reflex by increasing substance P level saliva; cough reflex; reduce pneumonia patients with dementia, cerebrovascular disease, Alzhe...