Purpose. recreational cross-country skiers can benefit from a performance diagnostic when planning a training program. The aim of this study was to establish a simple test protocol to measure endurance capacity and provide training recommendations. Methods. The relationship between endurance performance and cross-country skiing technique was assessed using two tests. First, a lactate threshold ...

We document that "persistent and lagged" in‡ation (with respect to output) is a worldwide phenomenon in that these short-run in‡ation dynamics are highly synchronized across countries. In particular, the average cross-country correlation of in‡ation is signi…cantly and systematically stronger than that of output, while the cross-country correlation of money growth is essentially zero. We invest...

This study empirically characterizes the interdependence in cyber attacks and examines the impact from the first international treaty against cybercrimes (Convention on Cybercrimes: Europe Treaty Series No. 185). With the data covering 62 countries over the period from year 2003 to 2007, we find that, international cooperation in enforcement as measured by the indicator of joining the Conventio...

This paper examines whether growth regressions should incorporate dualism and structural change. If there is a differential across sectors in the marginal product of labour, changes in the structure of employment can raise aggregate total factor productivity. The paper develops empirical growth models that allow for this effect in a more flexible way than previous work. Estimates of the models ...

Cross-country skiing has always been one of the most popular winter sports in Scandinavia (Eriksson, 1976). Although downhill skiing has become more and more popular during the last ten years, cross-country skiing is still the most important mass sport in Finland. The number of competitive skiers has been increasing owing to the fact that the younger age groups as well as the veteran series hav...

The present study focuses on the welfare implications of intellectual property protection (IPP) in agriculture, when the associated knowledge has commercial application in more than one country. Attention is paid to the realistic case where countries provide different IPP levels. A model is developed to determine who benefits from, and who should pay for the associated research. A key contribut...

We investigate the issue of model uncertainty in cross-country growth regressions using Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA). We find that the posterior probability is very spread among many models suggesting the superiority of BMA over choosing any single model. Out-of-sample predictive results support this claim. In contrast with Levine and Renelt (1992), our results broadly support the more “optim...

In a reciprocal market model with imperfectly competitive firms, domestic policies will differ across countries that are economically and politically diverse. We explore the implications of this standard result with regard to harmonization of environmental policies between corrupt and non-corrupt countries. Imposing a more stringent policy on a non-corrupt government will be welfare reducing to...

We provide cross-country evidence to examine how financial market development affects innovation. Using a large data set including 34 developed as well as emerging countries, we differentiate the impacts of equity market and credit market development on a country’s innovation productivity measured by patenting. Our baseline results show that, while the development of equity markets encourages i...

This paper reports the results from a survey of public sector employment retrenchment episodes across a wide variety of developing and transition economies. The information collected and analyzed are from a myriad of sources but primarily from internal World Bank documents and in-depth interviews with World Bank staff with operational information about experiences in specific countries. Using t...