Despite radical improvements in medicine over the past 60 years, patients maintain multiple health care pathways that include high utilization of unconventional treatments. The authors examine three possible relationships between mainstream and alternative medicine: opposition, integration, and pluralism. Opposition, the traditional ethical position that the medical profession must eradicate un...

Ethnopharmacologists are scientists and anthropologists that study indigenous medicines and healing practices, and who often develop new therapies and medicines for wider use. Ethnopharmacologists do fieldwork with indigenous peoples in traditional societies, where they encounter a wide range of cultural values and varying ideas about the nature of property relations. This poses difficulties fo...

India is one of the oldest civilizations in the world with a culture marked by a high degree of syncretism and cultural pluralism. The nation is a federal republic consisting of 28 states and seven Union Territories. The Indian peninsula has an area of 3.28 million sq kms (about 1/3 the land mass of the US), and its coastline stretches about 5,700 kms on the mainland and about 7,500 kms includi...

This study examined racial socialization processes among 94 African American parents of third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade children as they were predicted by children’s ethnic identity exploration and unfair treatment as well as by parents’ ethnic identity and discrimination experiences. Findings indicated that children’s ethnic identity exploration and parents’ perceptions that their children ha...

This paper provides elements of a transformational conceptual framework for CSCL by focusing on how learning takes place when the answer is not known (this being the case for complex design problems in numerous domains encountered in lifelong learning activities). The paper postulates, explores, and discusses visions, theories, systems, practices, and methods for CSCL with a focus on reflective...

Many frameworks for the writing of urban history in South Asia have interpreted the city as aspace of socio-political organisation, rather than an object of thought itself. By contrast, thisarticle examines how a mythologised version of Lucknow’s illustrious pre-colonial history,particularly its supposed cultural refinement (tehzib), was evoked in the colonial-era city.Examining...

This paper, tries to establish the pluralism within one particular system of medicine, namely the Ayurvedic system. Herein we find not only a multitude of approaches to medical treatment - originating from it's subtle nosological categories. Rather more, the same subtleness in nosology works effectively into the sector of preservation of health and prevention of diseases. The author would like ...

The corporatist pluralist debate is explored as it applies to the Federal Republic of Germany. It is argued that the Federal Republic has an 'accommodationalist' political structure in which elements that resemble both corporatism and pluralism may be found. Corporatism and pluralism really explain two fundamentally different phenomenon. It is implicitly and explicitly argued that the mutual ex...

Surakarta is an urban area that grows dynamically in line with demographic, economic, cultural, religious, and infrastructure developments leading to a smart city. People know as multicultural, multi-ethnic, cultural religious Surakarta's public space becomes bridge for religion campaign citizenship rights social justice. How the presence of sphere promoting justice? This research type qualitat...