The presence of fluctuations and nonlinear interactions can lead to scale dependence in the parameters appearing in stochastic differential equations. Stochastic dynamics can be formulated in terms of functional integrals. In this paper we apply the heat kernel method to study the short distance renormalizability of a stochastic (polynomial) reaction-diffusion equation with real additive noise....

Dihydrouridine (D) is a highly conserved modified base found in tRNAs from all domains of life. Dihydrouridine synthase (Dus) catalyzes the D formation of tRNA through reduction of uracil base with flavin mononucleotide (FMN) as a cofactor. Here, we report the crystal structures of Thermus thermophilus Dus (TthDus), which is responsible for D formation at positions 20 and 20a, in complex with t...

The problem of deciding whether or not a given topological space X is homotopy equivalent to a loop space is of classical interest in homotopy theory. Moreover, given that X is a loop space, one could ask whether the loop space structure is unique. A celebrated example of this is given in the classical work of Rector [23] where it is shown that the 3-sphere S admits infinitely many non-equivale...

The mtDNA of the African frog, Xenopus laevis, has a triple-stranded displacement loop (D-loop) structure at the origin of heavy strand DNA replication. The major species of displacing strands has a length of 1670 nucleotides, approximately 3 times the length of mouse or human D-loop mtDNA strands. We report experiments that precisely map the termini of the D-loop strand within a revised sequen...

Although the role of nuclear-encoded gene alterations has been well documented in brain tumor development, the involvement of the mitochondrial genome in brain tumorigenesis has not yet been fully elucidated and remains controversial. The present study aimed to identify mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region D-loop in patients with brain tumors in Malaysia. A mutation analysi...

The Gidran is a native Hungarian horse breed that has approached extinction several times. Phylogenetic analysis of two mitochondrial markers (D-loop and cytochrome-b) was performed to determine the genetic characterization of the Gidran for the first time as well as to detect errors in the management of the Gidran stud book. Sequencing of 686 bp of CYTB and 202 bp of the D-loop in 260 mares re...