Figure 1. Extracellular recordings and spike sorting. (A) The extracellular activity of neurons is recorded with microwires inserted in the brain. The spikes of neurons close-by the electrode tip (in red and blue) can be separated via spike sorting; neurons further away (in dark grey) can be detected but not sorted, thus generating the multiunit activity; more distant neurons (in light gray) co...

HCN channels are becoming pharmacological targets mainly in cardiac diseases. But apart from their well-known role in heart pacemaking, these channels are widely expressed in the nervous system where they contribute to the neuron firing pattern. Consequently, abolishing Ih current might have detrimental consequences in a big repertoire of behavioral traits. Several studies in mammals have ident...

Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is highly expressed in the hippocampus. Its expression is induced by many factors including hemes, whose metabolites play an important role in neuron protection and learning development. In the present study, the correlation between HO-1 and learning ability was investigated in mice. Behavioral tests were used to evaluate the effects of altering HO-1 on learning ability in...

The avian trigeminal ganglion, which is embryonically derived from the neural crest and epidermal placodes, consists of two topographically segregated classes of immature neurons, large and small, during the second week of incubation, and two neuronal cell types, dark and light, interspersed throughout the mature ganglion. In order to establish the times of terminal mitosis of trigeminal sensor...

Most of the matter in the universe is invisible. I review the status of dark matter and describe how both the theory of galaxy formation and novel types of experimental searches are revitalizing attempts to find non-baryonic dark matter.

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als), the most common form of motor neuron disease, is a progressive and devastating disease involving both lower and upper motor neurons, typically following a relentless progression towards death. therefore, all efforts must be made by the clinician to exclude alternative and more treatable entities. als with laboratory abnormalities of uncertain significance is...

background: primary cultures of embryonic neurons have been used to introduce a model of neurons in physiological and pathological conditions. however, age-related cellular events limit this method as an optimal model in adult neurodegenerative diseases studies. besides, short-interval changing media in previous cultures decreases the effectiveness of this model. as an example of this matter, w...

in this study tsga10 has been demonstrated as a testis-specific human gene that encodes a protein localized in sperm-tail and conserved in ciliary structure. further investigations showed tsga10 signalling and expression during embryogenesis, brain development and some malignancies including brain tumors. given the role of this protein in neuronal development and in certain tumors, it could pot...

background and objective: diagnosis of hirschsprung’s disease (hd) as the most common cause of neonatal intestinal obstruction is based on the presence of aganglionosis from seromuscular or full thickness biopsy. due to the complication of full thickness or seromuscular rectal biopsy, mucosal-sub mucosal biopsy is more intended. however, interpretation of these biopsies stained with hematoxylin...