Plenary In Plenary, experts discussed complementary options to address ABS within the framework of the CBD. CoChair Jorge Medaglia emphasised that identifying a package of alternative approaches to address countries’ needs is considered to be one of the Panel’s main outputs. He suggested that the first part of the discussion focus on identifying guidelines, while other complementary measures, s...

PURPOSE The aim of this study is to assess the long-term results of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) and validate its effectiveness as a primary treatment modality for CBD stone. METHODS A retrospective review of the medical records of 157 patients who underwent LCBDE from 1997 to 2011 was conducted. All LCBDE were performed by choledochotomy. Clinical demographics, operative...

This paper interprets case studies and theory on community involvement in beneficiary selection and benefit delivery for social safety nets. Several considerations should be carefully balanced in assessing the advantages of using community groups as targeting agents. First, benefits from utilizing local information and social capital may be eroded by costly rent-seeking. Second, the potential i...

This module forms part of a training package on the updating and revision of national biodiversity strategies and action plans (NBSAPs) in line with the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. The package is intended for National Focal Points of the Convention on Biological Diversity, those responsible for updating and implementing NBSAPs and other biodiver...

Architecture Description Languages (ADLs) such as Acme (a mainstream second generation ADL which contains the most common ADL constructs) provide formality in the description of software architectures, but are not easily reconciled with day-today development concerns, thus hampering their adoption by a larger community. UML, on the other hand, has become the de facto standard notation for desig...

It is estimated that inherited red-green color deficiency, which involves both the protan and deutan deficiency types, is common in men. For red-green defective observers, some reddish colors appear desaturated and brownish, unlike those seen by normal observers. Despite its prevalence, few studies have investigated the effects that red-green color deficiency has on the psychological properties...

Five thousand one hundred and twenty-nine Wisconsin children, ages 4–12 years, were tested for colorvision deficiencies using a newly devised, precisely calibrated paper-and-pencil test. The disposable 1-page test consisted of 1 demonstration and 8 test panels. Thousands of copies of the test were produced, and they were distributed and administered in classrooms by teachers. Children wrote dir...

Color vision deficiency (CVD) occurs when there is an error in the development of one or more types of retinal cone cells that receive color in light and transmit that information to the optic nerve (1). Among them, red-green CVD shows the highest prevalence (2). Red-Green CVD is divisible into severe or dichromatic forms [protanopia and deu-teranopia] and milder or anomalous trichromatic forms...

UNLABELLED Choledochoduodenostomy (CDD) has been reported as a more effective treatment of CBD stones than T-tube drainage but it is regarded as a last resort or obsolete therapeutic method due to fears of higher mobidity, cholangitis, "sump" syndrome and liver dysfunction. We aimed to assess the aforementioned issues analyzing prospectively our experience from 1976 through Dec.92. METHODS CD...

BACKGROUND/AIMS Endoscopic sphincterotomy may be limited in Billroth II gastrectomy because of difficulty in orientating the duodenoscope and sphincterotome as a result of altered anatomy. This study was planned to investigate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic transpapillary large balloon dilation (EPBD) without preceding sphincterotomy for removal of large CBD stones in Billroth II gastrec...