Thyroid is a H-shaped gland localised in front of trachea at the base of the neck, whose main functions are the synthesis, the storage and the secretion of thyroid hormones under the control of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis. Thyroid is comprised of spherical follicles filled with colloid that are lined by cuboidal/flat epithelial cells denoted follicular cells (or thyrocytes). The other hormo...

Children are not “miniature” adults! Most experts around the world recognize differences between adult and pediatric thyroid cancer emphasize need for specific guidelines population. The American Thyroid Association (ATA) first developed separate Guidelines Treatment of Pediatric Nodules Carcinoma (hereafter, ATA Guidelines) in 2015 [1], which has been revised to date. In September 2022, Europe...

Well differentiated papillary carcinoma of thyroid frequently metastasizes to regional lymph nodes and the patients usually present with cervical or mediastinal lymphadenopathy. In this article, we report a case of papillary thyroid carcinoma with hepatic metastasis presenting as liver mass in absence of lymph nodal metastasis, a presentation not previously reported to the best of our knowledge.

Tumours that produce metastases in the paranasal sinuses or sphenoidal sinus are rare; the carcinomas of kidney and lung being the most frequent with this type of metastasis. Distant metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma are rare and, moreover, when they metastasize, they do so into lung and bone. We report a patient who had a papillary thyroid carcinoma with metastases into the sphe...

Follicular carcinoma of thyroid is a well differentiated thyroid malignancy. It is slow growing in nature and tends to metastasize to remote organs in advanced stage by hematogenous route. Lung and bone are the two most common sites of metastasis. In most of the reported cases of follicular thyroid carcinoma metastasizing to the skull, metastases occurred long after the diagnosis and institutio...

Skull base metastasis from differentiated thyroid carcinoma including follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a rare clinical entity. Eighteen FTC cases and 10 PTC cases showing skull base metastasis have been reported. The most common symptom of skull base metastasis from FTC and PTC is cranial nerve dysfunction. Bone destruction and local invasion to the su...

Thyroid cancer derived from follicular cells (TCDFC) comprises well-differentiated (papillary and follicular) carcinoma, poorly differentiated carcinoma, and anaplastic carcinoma. Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine cancer, and its incidence is steadily increasing. Lethality and aggressiveness of TCDFC is inversely correlated with differentiation degree. In this review, an ...