jezyah had been part of the tax system imposed on religious minorities. from the very first days of its introduction to islam, it was addressed to as demeaning and humiliating towards religious minorities. the abolition of many laws concerning religious minorities was the result of some developments in iran, especially in foreign relationships during the qajar era. jezyah is a prominent example...

This paper will report on lessons learned from two studies using blended learning courses involving past and present experience of the authors. Will also discuss the importance of online asynchronous discussions in the teaching and learning process. The paper concludes with suggested guidelines for the use of asynchronous online discussions, considered useful for instructors who teach for the f...

We have identified many dark-inducible (din) genes that are expressed in Arabidopsis leaves kept in the dark. In the present study we addressed the question of how plant cells sense the depletion of sugars, and how sugar starvation triggers din gene expression in suspension-cultured cells of Arabidopsis. Depletion of sucrose in the medium triggered marked accumulation of din transcripts. Suppre...

as the most significant religious resource for muslims, quran has always attracted the attention of many muslim and non-muslim scholars. so far many translators, with various intentions, have translated this holy book. a group of these translators pretended to be muslims, while in fact they were strong enemies of islam, and their real intention was to change the realities of this holy book and ...

Irrigated agriculture can modify the cycling and transport of nitrogen (N), due to associated water diversions, water losses, and changes in transport flow-paths. We investigate dominant processes behind observed long-term changes in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations and loads of the extensive (465,000 km2) semi-arid Amu Darya River basin (ADRB) in Central Asia. We specifically ...

RESUME Wide swath imagery of the ENVISAT Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) may be used to study and map biophysical parameters of the Siberian forest. Within this study multi incidence-angle capacities of the ASAR Wide Swath (WS) mode for deriving forest types and biomass parameters are assessed. For this purpose a processing chain was set up to manage orthorectify, calibrate and analyse...

This article is an attempt to survey the contraction and cancellation of the Reuter’s agreement as a one-sided approach and from special perspective, by using minimalistic ideology and with emphasis on multi-sided and various reasons and factors effective in the process of this contract.  On the basis of this research, in this contraction, different factors came together and augmented one anoth...

The estimation of geophysical parameters from SAR data necessitates well calibrated sensors with good radiometric precision. In this paper, the radiometric calibration of ASAR/ENVISAT sensor was assessed by comparing ASAR data with ERS-2 and RADARSAT-1 SAR data. With regard to recent data, acquired at the end of 2005, the difference varies from -0.72dB to +0.72dB, with temporal variations that ...

Hand-painted images of the historic city Mohammadabad Jarghoye, located near Isfahan, which dates back to Qajar period at end 18th century. These plans include entrances houses and general view city.