Abstract Background Energy landscapes provide an approach to the mechanistic basis of spatial ecology and decision-making in animals. This is based on quantification variation energy costs movements through a given environment, as well how these vary time for different animal populations. Organisms diverse fish, mammals, birds will move areas landscape that result minimised maximised gain. Rece...

This study measures Medan’s level of digital literacy competence. aims to obtain an overview the competencies smartphone users in Medan City. research was part National Digital Literacy Research, initiated by Network Activists (Japelidi), conducted 18 cities Indonesia, involving 125 respondents from City, and divided into five age segments. The used descriptive quantitative method. As instrumen...

Discorrelation is a new form of exclusive photon-number anti-correlation multimode quantum light states, whereby measurements the number photons in different modes never return same results. Discorrelated states can be used information protocols to distribute unique randomness between parties, such as implementing mental-poker schemes distant players, without need for trusted card dealer. In ar...

In some thermally driven two-phase natural circulation systems, bubble pumps serve as the key driving powers for cycles. Recently a type of distribute heating pump generator (BPG) is gradually receiving attention due to its compact structure and great potentials utilize solar energy low-grade waste heat recovery. The BPG provides variety promising features (e.g., passive transfer, enhanced reli...

The computer industry has defined the IEEE 802.16 family of standards that will enable mobile devices to access a broadband network as an alternative to digital subscriber line technology. As the mobile devices join and leave a network, security measures must be taken to ensure the safety of the network against unauthorized usage by encryption and group key management. IEEE 802.16e uses Multica...