in this work the performance of a wavelength division multiple access (wdma) system with direct detection receiver is investigated. for this purpose, the probability of error in a wdma network with ook modulation considering crosstalk, isi, photo detector noise and thermal noise is calculated and the effect of each on system performance is investigated. the system performance in presence of pin...

data transmission in optical systems and increased transmission distance capacity benefit by using optical amplification wavelength division multiplexing (wdm) technology. the combination of four waves (fwm) is a non-linear effect in the wavelength division multiplex (wdm), when more than two wavelengths of light in a fiber launch will occur. fwm amount depends on the channel, the channel spaci...

social differentiation is among the important concepts in sociology. the importance of the concept may be understood from its frequent recurrence in the works of the early sociologists including spencer, durkheim, weber and marx, as well as in the works of later sociologists such as parsons, smelser and luhmann. the idea of segregation is mainly discussed as a key concept in the theories of soc...

In this study, the effects of floret sterilization with sodium hypochlorite, cold stress, heat shock, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and colchicine treatment on microspore viability and induction of symmetrical nuclei divisions were assessed in six genotypes of sugarcane. The highest microspore viability was observed when florets were sterilized with 3.0% and 3.5% sodium hypochlorite in all gen...

‎In this paper we give conditions under which a ring is isomorphic to a structural matrix ring over a division ring.