BI 1356 [proposed trade name ONDERO; (R)-8-(3-amino-piperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione] is a novel dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitor under clinical development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In this study, we investigated the potency, selectivity, mechanism, and duration of action of BI 1356 in vitro and in vivo and ...

oxidation of different types of 1,4-dihydropyridines with diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (dpp) and benzoyl peroxide (bz2o2) as free radical oxidizing agents to pyridine derivatives is reported and a mechanism for this oxidation is also proposed.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV, CD26) is a serine protease almost ubiquitously expressed on cell surface and present in body fluids. DPP-IV has been suggested to proteolytically modify a number of biologically active peptides including substance P (SP) and the chemokine stromal cell derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha, CXCL12). SP and SDF-1alpha have been implicated in the regulation of multiple...

The proper development of tissues requires morphogen activity that dictates the appropriate growth and differentiation of each cell according to its position within a developing field. Elimination of underperforming cells that are less efficient in receiving/transducing the morphogenetic signal is thought to provide a general fail-safe mechanism to avoid developmental misspecification. In the d...

We have analyzed the function of the Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathways in partitioning the dorsal head neurectoderm of the Drosophila embryo. This region, referred to as the anterior brain/eye anlage, gives rise to both the visual system and the protocerebrum. The anlage splits up into three main domains: the head midline ectoderm, protocerebral neurectoderm and visual ...

OBJECTIVE We examined whether chronic administration of a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist exendin-4 (Ex-4), a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonist D-Ala(2)-GIP (DA-GIP), or a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor (DPP-4i) des-fluoro-sitagliptin produced comparable antidiabetic actions in high fat-fed mice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS High fat...

The mammalian growth factor TGFbeta negatively regulates cell proliferation in various systems. Here we provide evidence that another TGFbeta superfamily member, Drosophila Decapentaplegic (Dpp), stimulates cell proliferation. In the developing wing blade, somatic clones lacking the Dpp receptors Punt or Thick veins (Tkv), or lacking Schnurri, a transcription factor involved in Dpp signal inter...

Molecular dissociation under incident light whose energy is lower than the bond dissociation energy has been achieved through multi step excitation using a coupled state of a photon, electron, and multimode-coherent phonon as known as the dressed photon phonon (DPP). Here, we have investigated the effects of the DPP on CO2, a very stable molecule with high absorption and dissociation energies, ...

Dpp, a TGFbeta, organizes pattern in the Drosophila wing by acting as a graded morphogen, activating different targets above distinct threshold concentrations. Like other TGFbetas, Dpp appears to induce transcription directly via activation of a SMAD, Mad. However, here we demonstrate that Dpp can also control gene expression indirectly by downregulating the expression of the brinker gene, whic...

Growth and patterning of the Drosophila leg are organized by three secreted proteins: Hedgehog (Hh), Wingless (Wg), and Decapentaplegic (Dpp). Hh is secreted by posterior cells; it acts at short range to induce dorsal anterior cells to secrete Dpp and ventral anterior cells to secrete Wg. Here we show that the complementary patterns of dpp and wg expression are maintained by mutual repression: ...