Information disclosure regulations are increasingly common, but their effects on the behavior of regulated firms are unclear. The 1996 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act mandated that community drinking water suppliers issue to customers annual consumer confidence reports (CCRs), containing information on violations of drinking water regulations and on observed contaminant levels. We exa...

Water distribution systems are vulnerable to aquaterrorism (terrorism attacks on the water supply) because they are extensive, relatively unprotected, accessible, and often isolated (USEPA 2002, 2003a, Grayman, 2002; Mays, 2004). An emerging activity in the water security arena is developing methods to minimize the public health and economic impacts of a large-scale attack. An intense effort is...

The availability of organic carbon is considered the key factor to regulate microbial regrowth in drinking water network. However, boreal regions (northern Europe, Russia, and North America) contain a large amount of organic carbon in forests and peatlands. Therefore, natural waters (lakes, rivers, and groundwater) in the northern hemisphere generally have a high content of organic carbon. We f...

Waterborne illness related to the consumption of contaminated or inadequately treated water is a global public health concern. Although the magnitude of drinking water-related illnesses in developed countries is lower than that observed in developing regions of the world, drinking water is still responsible for a proportion of all cases of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) in Canada. The est...

This study reports the presence of filamentous fungi (ff) in drinking water including biofilms. Ff are not studied sufficiently in drinking water. Ff were highest in winter and had an indirect relation with other microorganisms. Pathogenic fungi were not observed at the mesophilic temperatures used. Penicillium expansum and P. brevicompactum were observed which may affect biofilms by mycotoxin ...

We investigated the relationships between the δdeuterium (δD) and the δ(18)oxygen (δ(18)O) of drinking water and the δD and δ(18)O of blood plasma, red blood cells and feathers in house sparrows (Passer domesticus) fed on diets with identical hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions and five isotopically distinct drinking water treatments. We expected and, with only one exception ((18)O in blo...