Pesticide residue is a common contamination in the environment and food. Various analytical methods have been developed to detect and analyze the residues. Biosensor is one of the fast detection technologies. In this paper, we reviewed those biosensors according to their unique detection mechanism, fabrication and incorporation with nanomaterials.

Basic considerations dealing with the biological significance of drug residues and safety evaluation are studied. The specific problem of covalently bound residues is considered from three different points of view. (1) Analytical characteristics clearly distinguish between soluble residues, which deplete relatively fast, and bound material which is slowly eliminated from edible tissues of targe...

This review presents methods for the assessment of acute and chronic risk from pesticide residues in food. Multiple pesticide residues can often be found in food. Currently, there is no internationally accepted procedure for the assessment of cumulative exposure to multiple pesticide residues in food. Therefore, risk assessment is based on toxicological evaluation of single compounds in a food ...

Electrochemical immunosensors have emerged as a highly sensitive and rapid technique for chemical contaminants detection in environmental monitoring, food safety and quality control. This review concentrates on recent advances made in detection and quantification of chemical contaminants such as pesticides and antibiotics residues with electrochemical immunosensors. In this paper, the preparati...

Data generated in the UK have indicated that pesticide residue levels can be highly variable between the individual fruit or vegetables from the same crop or lot in trade. Statistical experiments with these data showed that residues in composite samples, taken according to Codex recommendations, are unlikely to differ by more than a factor of 3-4 from the mean level in the lot. This was corrobo...