the ple2scx vector was developed for the stable expression of exogenous genes in the protozoan parasite leishmania. the ple2scx construct contains three independent selection markers: herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (hsv-tk), cytosine deaminase (cd) and streptothericin acetyltransferase gene (sat) in multiple cloning site, flanking by 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions of the previously clone...

Class-Pi of glutathione s-transferases (GST-Pi) is the specific form of GSTs that are known to participate particularly in the mechanisms of resistance to drugs and carcinogens. This class of the enzyme is referred to as class-P or class-Pi or class π. The accepted terminology in this review article is class-Pi. In this article following a brief description of identified molecular forms of GSTs...

Drug resistance is an important problem in parasitic protozoa. We review here the role of ABC transporters in drug resistance in parasites. We have concentrated on gene and gene products for which there is a strong evidence for their role in resistance.

background: the h9n2 subtype of influenza a viruses is considered to be widespread in poultry industry. adamantane is a group of antiviral agents which is effective both in prevention and treatment of influenza a virus infections. these drugs inhibit m2 protein ion channel which has role on viral replication. objectives: the main objective of this study is to evaluate m gene of avian influenza ...

BACKGROUND The diagnosis of "drug resistance" in epilepsy can be defined and interpreted in various ways. This may be due to discrepant definitions of drug resistance to pharmacotherapy. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between C3435T polymorphism of the MDR1 gene and drug resistance in epilepsy with the consideration of 4 different criteria for qualification to groups s...

Abstract Breast tumors generally consist of a diverse population cells with varying gene expression profiles. tumor heterogeneity is major factor contributing to drug resistance, recurrence, and metastasis after chemotherapy. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are emerging chemotherapeutic agents striking clinical success, including T-DM1 for HER2-positive breast cancer. However, these ADCs often ...

objectives in this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of the species of campylobacter. jejuni in zahedan, a major city in southeastern iran. patients and methods fecal samples from 164 patients with acute diarrhea from zahedan hospitals were collected from 2011 to 2013. then the samples were streaked onto a campylobacter selective agar containing supplement and 7% defibrinated sheep bl...

the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa has complicated treatment decision and may lead to treatment failures. in this study, we describe the trends of drug-resistant p. aeruginosa isolated in blood cultures from patients detected in a tertiary teaching hospital and evaluated the prevalence of resistance to amikacin, ampicillin, carbeni- cillin, cefixime, cefotax...

pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important pathogens that causes nosocomial infections and shows high level of antibiotic resistance. integrons are one of the transposable elements in bacteria and their role in antibiotic resistance has been well demonstrated. the aim of this study was a molecular characterization of the integron genes and the determination of the resistance or sensiti...