Duplication is a prominent feature of plant genomic architecture. This has led many researchers to speculate that gene duplication may have played an important role in the evolution of phenotypic novelty within plants. Until recently, however, it was difficult to make this connection. We are now beginning to understand how duplication has contributed to adaptive evolution in plants. In this rev...

Abstract Multimedia security is extremely significant concern for the internet technology because of ease duplication, distribution and manipulation multimedia data. The digital watermarking a field information hiding which hide crucial in original data protection illegal duplication This paper presents survey on existing image techniques. In secret are implanted into protecting ownership right...

an d d up lic at io n SPD2 (Ce, Dm)/ CEP192 (Hs) No centriole duplication (Ce); <PCM recruited (Ce, Dm, and Hs); no basal body duplication (Dm) Asterless (Dm)/ CEP152 (Dr, Hs) Aberrant PCM recruitment (Dm) and centriole duplication (Dm and Dr) γ-Tubulin (Dm, Hs, Tt, Pt)/TBG (Ce) Aberrant centriole duplication (Ce, Hs, Tt), centriole structure and separation (Pt, Dm) Overexpression: de novo form...

Gastrointestinal (GI) duplication cysts are a rare congenital disease. They may involve any level of the alimentary tract, but they most commonly involve the ileum, esophagus, and jejunum. Gastric duplication cysts represent approximately 4-8% of GI duplication cysts, the majority of which present in early childhood. We present a rare case of adult gastric duplication cyst in a 25-year-old fema...

With the availability of genomic sequence data, there is increasing interest in using genes with a possible history of duplication and loss for species tree inference. Here we assess the performance of both nonprobabilistic and probabilistic species tree inference approaches using gene duplication and loss and coalescence simulations. We evaluated the performance of gene tree parsimony (GTP) ba...

Duplication of the vas deferens is a very rare congenital anomaly in which two vasa deferentia coexist within the spermatic cord. Duplication of the vas deferens can be found during herniorrhaphy, vasectomy, and varicocelectomy performed on the spermatic cord or around the spermatic cord. However, it is estimated that the incidence of duplication of the vas deferens is under-reported and under-...

INTRODUCTION Congenital jejunal stenosis and gastric duplication cysts are very rare congenital anomalies of the gastrointestinal tract in the newborn. We present a case of congenital membranous jejunal stenosis associated with gastric duplication cysts, which was diagnosed by ultrasonography. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of ultrasonographic diagnosis of congenital mem...

Gastric duplication cyst is a rare anomaly, and most cases are recognized during childhood. Recently, several pediatric cases with small gastric duplication cysts treated by laparoscopic resection have been reported. Here, we describe an infant in whom we successfully performed laparoscopic partial gastrectomy for the treatment of a huge gastric duplication cyst. To the best of our knowledge, t...