Load carrying capacity of flat double-layer space structures majorly depends on the structures' imperfections. Imperfections in initial curvature, length, and residual stress of members are all innately random and can affect the load-bearing capacity of the members and consequently that of the structure. The double-layer space trusses are susceptible to progressive collapse due to sudden buckli...

Expansive soils are recognized by their swelling potential upon wetting due to the existence of some clay minerals such as montmorillonite. An effective solution was found avoid danger using piles. A single pile embedded in an elasto-plastic expansive soil has been analyzed one available software which is ABAQUS investigate effect applied loads on pile’s top and load carrying capacity pile. The...