Heading time in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is determined by three characters: vernalization requirement, photoperiodic sensitivity and narrow-sense earliness, which are involved in the phase transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. We identified and characterized the APETALA1 (AP1)-like MADS box gene in wheat (WAP1) as an activator of phase transition. Its expression starts ju...

Four extra early-flowering mutants, named extra early-flowering1 (exe1), exe2, exe3, and exe4, were identified in Triticum monococcum strain KU104-1 following heavy-ion beam mutagenesis. The four exe mutants fell into two groups, namely Type I (moderately extra early-flowering type; exe1 and exe3) and Type II (extremely extra early-flowering type; exe2 and exe4). Analysis of plant development i...

In this paper, we present a genetic algorithm approach that considers the single machine scheduling problem. There are n jobs, in which each job j ( 1 2 j n = , ,..., ) has a normal processing time j p , a due date j d , earliness penalty j α , and tardiness penalty j β . The objective is to find the sequence of jobs that minimizes the weighted sum of earliness and tardiness penalty costs, with...

Plant architecture is commonly defined by the adjacency of organs within the structure and their properties. Few studies consider the effect of endogenous temporal factors, namely phenological factors, on the establishment of plant architecture. This study hypothesized that, in addition to the effect of environmental factors, the observed plant architecture results from both endogenous structur...

An experiment was carried out with North Carolina Mating Design II (NC II) derived F1 progenies along parents to know nature of gene action in regulating early maturity, yield and contributing traits. The principal objective this research identify best specific cross combinations based on combining ability analysis estimation heritability. Hybrids their were arranged a 8 by partially balanced l...