The evolution and the growth of the continental crust is inextricably linked to the evolution of Earth's geodynamic processes. The detrital zircon record within the continental crust, as well as the isotopic composition of this crust, indicates that the amount of juvenile felsic material decreased with time and that in geologically recent times, the generation of new crust is balanced by recycl...

■ Abstract The bulk of the ∼50-km-thick Martian crust formed at ∼4.5 Gyr B.P., perhaps from a magma ocean. This crust is probably a basaltic andesite or andesite and is enriched in incompatible and heat-producing elements. Later additions of denser basalt to the crust were volumetrically minor, but resurfaced significant portions of the Northern hemisphere. A significant fraction of the total t...

Crustal growth in the Coast Mountains, along the leading edge of the Canadian Cordillera, was the result of processes associated with horizontal flow of material during transpression and subsequent transtension, and the vertical accretion of mantle derived melts. From 85 to 58 Ma, as exotic terranes were translated northward during transpression, the crust was thickened to about 55 km, and melt...

One of the fundamental geophysical observations made of the Earth is the stratified nature of the continental crust, in which the lower crust comprises denser, more mafic material and the upper crust comprises less dense, more felsic material. This chemically differentiated layered structure is developed and maintained by partial melting at depth and the ascent of magma to shallower crustal lev...

[1] The absent or weak magnetic field above large Martian volcanoes may provide constraints on their formation and the carrier of magnetization. We consider the ability of magma intrusions to thermally demagnetize the shallow crust beneath volcanoes through heat conduction and hydrothermal circulation. If magnetization is dominated by magnetite, the volume of crust that is thermally demagnetize...

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We conduct a two-dimensional numerical experiment on the lower crust under an intraplate strike-slip fault based on laboratory-derived power-law rheologies considering the effects of grain size and water. To understand the effects of far-field loading and material properties on the deformation of the lower crust on a geological time scale, we assume steady fault sliding on the fault in the uppe...

Liquid manure (slurry) storages are sources of gases such as ammonia (NH(3)) and methane (CH(4)). Danish slurry storages are required to be covered to reduce NH(3) emissions and often a floating crust of straw is applied. This study investigated whether physical properties of the crust or crust microbiology had an effect on the emission of the potent greenhouse gases CH(4) and nitrous oxide (N(...