some evidence that the international variations in the outcome of schizophrenia are associated with higher amounts of refined sugar and dairy products in the average national diet data published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. An association is also found between the prevalence of depression and a low dietary intake of fish and seafood. It is a simple correlation...

Many recent evolutionary psychology and human behavioral ecology studies have tested hypotheses by examining correlations between variables measured at a group level (e.g., state, country, continent). In such analyses, variables collected for each aggregation are often taken to be representative of the individuals present within them, and relationships between such variables are presumed to ref...

this essay evaluates the major methodological trends in research at the iranian academic educational journals based on scott’s methodological criticism. therefore, the present study sought to examine a small part of iranian educational research in the context of scott's taxonomy, including nine major fallacies: epistemic, homogeneity, causal, essentialist, value free knowledge, prospective, red...

In this paper we introduce a statistical model which may be used to explain the within area homogeneity that leads to aggregation eeects. The term`within area homogeneity' is used to describe the phenomenon where two individuals from the same small area tend to be a little more alike than two individuals, each from a diierent small area. Under the statistical model we explain how the available ...

In accident reconstruction, individual road accidents are treated as essentially deterministic events, although incomplete information can leave one uncertain about how exactly an accident happened. In statistical studies, on the other hand, accidents are treated as individually random, although the parameters governing their probability distributions may be modeled deterministically. Selection...

A well-known bias in subjective perceptions of chance is the gambler's fallacy: people typically believe that a streak generated by a series of independent random draws, such as a coin toss, becomes increasingly more likely to break when the streak becomes longer. In a fascinating study, Misirlisoy and Haggard analysed sequential behavior of kickers and goalkeepers in penalty shootouts. They re...

China is the only country in which the suicide rate is higher among women than men. We provide a demographic perspective on the gender differential in suicide in China. This shows that the male/female ratio of suicide increased between 1991 and 2001 and there is reason to believe this trend will continue. Among the population subgroups, only young women living in rural areas had much higher sui...

The sunk cost effect is a maladaptive economic behavior that is manifested in a greater tendency to continue an endeavor once an investment in money, effort, or time has been made. The Concorde fallacy is another name for the sunk cost effect, except that the former term has been applied strictly to lower animals, whereas the latter has been applied solely to humans. The authors contend that th...